Elderly people are getting more evidence of death from physical changes, higher rates of illness and disability, and the loss of relatives and friends. Experiencing some anxiety about death is normal, but, like other fears, it weakens adaptability if it is too severe. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sense of coherence and ego strength with death anxiety in the elderly. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all non-resident older people over 60 years old in Tehran. Among them, a sample of 200 people was selected by purposeful sampling. Data were collected using the Death Anxiety Questionnaire Templer (1970), Ego strength Questionnaire Markstrom et al. (1997), and sense of coherence Questionnaire Antonovsky (1987). Finally, after data collection, the data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with the Enter method. The results showed a significant negative relationship between ego strength and death anxiety in the elderly (r = -0.22, P <0.01). There was also a significant negative relationship between sense of coherence and death anxiety in the elderly (r = -0.18, P <0.01). Ego strength with a beta coefficient of -0.19 and a sense of coherence with a beta coefficient of -0.15 negatively and significantly predict death anxiety. Finally, it can be concluded that ego strength and sense of coherence are among the variables related to death anxiety in the elderly and can predict it.

Adolescence is the most appropriate period for personality formation in developmental psychology. One of the effective factors in the emergence of self–injury behaviors is the Ego. It refers to the second personality structure in Freud's theory, created by the forces in the Id. Ego functions include communication with reality, regulation, and control of instinctual forces, object relations, thought processing, defense functions, and combination and judgment functions. Another effective factor in self–injury behavior is personality. It is roughly the unique style of a human being in matching with the environment, which is somewhat different from other people's styles. By examining the Ego variable and clinical personality patterns, it is possible to identify teenagers prone to self–harm behaviors and prevent them by appropriate psychological interventions. Therefore, this research aims to predict self–harm behavior based on the sense of Ego strength and clinical personality patterns in adolescents with self–harm disorder.

The method of the present study was descriptive–correlational according to the nature of the study subject and the intended objectives. The study population comprised all adolescents living in Yazd City, Iran, in 2021. The participants were selected by available sampling, and the sample size was calculated as 100. In this research, according to the study topic, the required information about the theoretical foundations of the variables has been collected using the library and field methods. The inclusion criteria were as follows: the subject was between 14 and 18 years old, motivated to enter the research, and had a history of self–injury. The exclusion criterion was not completing the questionnaires. The study data were collected via the Inventory of Statements about Self–injury (ISAS) (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009), Psychosocial Inventory Ego Strengths (Markstrom et al., 1997), and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI–III) (Millon, 1994). To analyze the data at the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS version 24. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

Strong sense of Ego could predict self–injury behavior (p=0.002, β=0.226). Also, personalities of schizoid (p=0.001, β=0.310), avoidant (p=0.011, β=0.655), depressed (p<0.001, β=0.572), dependent (p=0.031, β=0.154), dramatic (p=0.042, β=0.426), narcissistic (p=0.022, β=0.614), antisocial (p=0.002, β=0.431), negativity (p=0.010, β=0.423), other harassment (p=0.005, β=0.218), self–harm (p<0.001, β=0.648), obsessive (p=0.038, β=0.129), paranoid (p=0.024, β=0.408), and borderline (p<0.001, β=0.519) could predict self–injury behaviors in adolescents.

According to the research findings on the predictive role of clinical personality patterns and the strong sense of Ego in the self–harm behavior of adolescents, we recommend that experts pay attention to these issues to prevent and treat self–harm behavior in adolescents.

Mindfulness is conscious attention to the current moment and internal/external personal experiences. Researches showed that mindfulness has a relationship with other psychological variables. Ego strength can be defined such as self-control, self-regulation or other relative variables like self-depletion too. The present study examines the predicting role of ego strength on the relationship with mindfulness in the University of Tehran and the Medical University of Tehran students. Two hundred and sixty-eight students (231 male, 36 female) participated in the study. All students were asked to complete Ego Strength Scale (ESS) and Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS).  Analysis of data involves descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation and linear regression coefficient. Results show that ego strength has a significant relationship with mindfulness. Ego strength predicted 11 percent of mindfulness variability. It can conclude that ego strength can predict the role of mindfulness.

The purpose of this study was to predict academic incivility based on ego strength and Investigating moderating role of shame and guilt emotions in this process. This study was conducted with a correlational method and the statistical population consisted of all graduate students in Kashan university, in the 2021-2022 academic year. Using random sampling method, 280 students were selected. Data were collected using the questionnaires of Ego Strength Scale (ESS) Besharat(2008), Guilt and Shame Scale Proneness (GASP)Cohen(2011) and Incivility In Nursing Education Revised Survey Clark(2015). The obtained data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Findings showed there was a negative relationship between academic incivility and ego strength. Shame had also positive and negative relationship with academic incivility, and ego strength, respectively. Guilt had strong negative relationship with academic incivility and positive relationship with ego strength. The results indicated that ego strength can predict academic incivility. Shame, reduces the diminishing effect of ego strength on academic incivility. Moderating role of guilt between academic incivility and ego strength was not confirmed. Using these results can help reduce academic incivility by making students aware of ego strength and avoiding put them to shame in stressful situations.

Ego strength plays a determinant role in individual’s psychological health. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between parenting styles and Ego strength. So, one hundred and ninety girls in high school completed Ego strength scale (ESS). Also one of the students parent were asked to complete the Baumrind parenting styles Questionnaire. Results revealed a significant positive correlation between authoritative parenting and Ego strength(R=0.29, p<0.01). Permissive parenting style demonstrated a significant positive association with ego strength(R=0.05, p<0/18). Also the relationship between authoritative parenting and Arthurian parenting style was significantly negative (R=-0/40, p<0.01).

The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between attachment styles of secure, avoidant, ambivalent and emotional intelligence. A total of 511 students (269 female, 242 male) participated in this study voluntarily. All participants were asked to complete Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS), and Ego Strength Scale (ESS). Results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between secure attachment style and emotional intelligence. Avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles showed significant negative associations with emotional intelligence. Results of regression method revealed that ego strength mediated the relationship between attachment styles and emotional intelligence. It was shown that secure and insecure attachment styles can predict changes of emotional intelligence through ego strength in opposite directions. Consequently, it can be concluded that mediating role of ego strength on the relationship between attachment styles and emotional intelligence was partial.

Perfectionism as a multidimensional personality trait is related to anxiety symptoms. There are many factors that could affect the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of ego strength on the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety symptoms. Two hundred and sixty eight students (144 females, 124 males) from the University of Tehran participated in this study. All Participants were asked to complete Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TMPS), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Ego Strength Scale (ESS).The results revealed that there was significant positive and negative association between other-oriented/socially prescribed perfectionism and self-oriented perfectionism with anxiety symptoms, respectively. There was a significant negative association between ego strength and anxiety symptoms. The relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety symptoms was mediated by ego strength. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the relationship between dimensions of perfectionism and anxiety symptoms is not a linear and one dimensional correlation. Ego strength can play a meditational role between the two.

In depression, the afflicted person is in risk of mental breakdown and his mental coherence is endangered. Two important psychological mechanism that seem to be important factors for susceptibility to depression and its continuity are emotional dysregulation and ego strength. This study aims to test the effectiveness of group behavioral activation on emotion dysregulation and ego strength in depressed people. for this purpose, in a quasi‐experimental research design with pretest, post-test and a control group, 30 patients were selected using convenience sampling method and placed randomly in experimental (n=15) or control group (n=15). Subjects in experimental group participated in eight 90 minutes sessions of behavioral activation and the control group waited for one month without receiving any intervention. Emotion dysregulation and ego strength of the subjects were measured before and after the intervention. Multivariable analyze of covariance indicated that when the effects of pretest are controlled, there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their average score on emotion dysregulation and ego strength variables. The results of this paper supports the effectiveness of group behavioral activation-based therapy on improving emotion regulation and ego strength.

Relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD) is a specific subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in which symptoms are focused on intimate and/or close relationships one has with her/his spouse or partner. The study aimed to investigate the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and ROCD symptoms. The population comprised all students at the University of Tehran and the sample group consisted of 430 students (324 female, 106 male) who administered the Ego Strength Scale (ESS; Besharat, 2017), Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS; Carleton et al. 2007), and Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Inventory (ROCI; Doron et al., 2012). The hypothesized mediation model provided fit to the data, The correlation between intolerance of uncertainty and ROCD symptoms was significantly positive, and between ego strength and ROCD symptoms was significantly negative. The study findings suggest that ego strength mediated the association between intolerance of uncertainty and ROCD symptoms. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that intolerance of uncertainty and ego strength can predict the severity of ROCD symptoms. Considering these variables may be important in the processes of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of ROCD symptoms.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of defense mechanisms and perfectionism in the relationship between ego strength and job adjustment of nurses. The statistical population of this research was the employees of public hospitals in Karaj who were working in 2023. 250 nurses from the public hospitals of Karaj city were selected from among the research population and with the purpose sampling. The data of the research was collected by using Ego Strength Questionnaire (ESS), Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ), Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (TPMS) and Job Adjustment Questionnaire (JAQ). The collected data were analyzed using structural equation method in SPSS version 25 and Mplus version 8.3 software. The research findings show that ego strength positively and significantly predicts job adjustment. The results also showed that defense mechanisms and perfectionism mediate the relationship between ego strength and job adjustment. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that ego strength through defense mechanisms and perfectionism can predict the level of job adjustment in nurses.