Sulfonated magnetic nanoparticles (SO3H-Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs) have been explored as an efficient, cost-effective, and recyclable nanocatalyst for the facile synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-2H-indazolo[1,2-b]phthalazin-1,6,11(13H)-triones through a one-pot three-component reaction between aldehydes, dimedone, and phthalhydrazide under mild and green (solvent-free) conditions. Simple separation of the catalyst using an external magnet, efficient recyclability of the developed magnetic nanocatalyst up to five fresh runs without significant loss in its catalytic activity, excellent yields of the designed reactions (88 to 98%), low reaction times as well as solvent-free and facial reaction condition are some advantages of the present procedure that qualified the fabricated magnetic nanocatalyst for industrial applications.

The performance of sulfonated-titanomagnetite nanoparticles (Fe3-xTixO4-SO3H NPs)as useful and recyclable nanocatalyst for the synthesis of dihydroquinazoline and hexahydroquinoline derivatives through multi-component reaction approach in solvent-free condition were investigated extensively. The successful synthesis of mentioned derivatives was confirmed using Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) as well as 1H/13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. According to the results, the employed nanocatalyst has some advantages such as high catalytic activity in short reaction time, good-to-excellent isolated yields in most cases, easy workup process, smooth processing feature of the reactions, facile recovery using an external magnetic field,  and re-usability for four times without significant loss in its activity.

In this study, linear alkyl-benzene calcium sulfonate nanoparticles were made using linear alkylbenzene. Calcium sulfonate nanoparticles are widely used as an additive in a variety of engine oils and have cleansing, anti-wear and anti-oxidant properties and anti-corrosion properties. In this method, a sulfonation set up was constructed and sulfonation reaction was carried out both directly and indirectly with Oleum, which in the indirect method had better yield and the amount of acid used was much less. Sulfonation was carried out on two types of light and heavy alkylbenzene the calcification step was carried out with CaO, and then the supernatural stage and carbonation with CO2 and CaO were performed for the first time with Ethanol green promoter, and The Total Base Number amount of for calcium was measured at different times. Carbonation time is very important and sensitive. In this research, residual sediments were reused in the carbonation reaction, and excellent results were obtained. It was also observed that the synthesis of linear calcium sulfonate nanoparticles with a high Total Base Number and a stable structure can only be carried out with heavy alkylbenzene C26. In this work, linear calcium sulfonate alkylated benzene nanoparticles were made completely transparent. (and) The Total Base Number 470, and the weight percent of calcium also reached 17.4, and the nanoparticle stability was also tested using the standard ASTM D2273 method. This result compared with two commercially available linear calcium sulfonate nanoparticles.

In this study, ion exchange nanocomposite membranes was prepared by addition of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles to a blend containing sulfonated polyphenylene oxide and sulfonated polyvinylchloride via a simple casting method. Magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a facile sono-chemical reaction and were selected as filler additive in fabrication of ion exchange nanocomposite membranes. Nanoparticles and nanocomposites were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effect of nanoparticles loading on physicochemical and electrochemical properties of prepared cation exchange nanocomposite membranes was studied. The membranes performance was evaluated by membrane potential, transport number, permselectivity, ionic permeability, flux of ions and membrane oxidative stability. Various characterizations revealed that the addition of different amounts of inorganic fillers could affect the membrane performance. The inorganic nanoparticles not only created extra pores and water channels that led to ion conductivity enhancement, but also improved transport number, permselectivity and flux of ions.

Sulfonated polymer/silica hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by free radical polymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (PAMPS-g-SN) and styrene sulfonic acid sodium salt (PSSA-g-SN), initiated on the surfaces of aminopropyl-functionalized silica nanoparticles (ASN). Ce(IV) ammonium nitrate/nitric acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used as redox initiator and stabilizer, respectively. ASN Nanoparticles were synthesized by a covalently attached 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane onto the surface of silica nanoparticles. Sulfonated monomers (AMPS or SSA) were then grafted onto the ASN nanoparticles, ultrasonically dispersed in water, using redox initiator system at 40 °C. ASN, PAMPS-g-SN and PSSA-g-SN nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. FTIR and TGA results indicated that both AMPS and SSA monomers were successfully grafted onto the silica nanoparticles. The grafted amounts of sulfonated polymers onto the silica nanoparticles were estimated from TGA thermograms to be 46 and 22 % for PAMPS and PSSA, respectively. From SEM and TEM micrographs, the average-diameters of the polymer-grafted silica nanoparticles were measured to be <50 nm with a (semi)spherical morphology, in which several silica nanoparticles were able to form a core with PAMPS or PSSA existing around the silica nanoparticles.

In this study, nanocomposite PES based membranes were prepared by using sulfonated silicon dioxide (SiO2-SO3H) nanoparticles through phase inversion method. PVP and N-N-dimethylacetamide were used as pore former and solvent respectively. The effect of nanoparticles’ concentration on the separation performance of prepared membranes was studied. The structures of membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning optical microscopy (SOM). Obtained results showed modified membranes had significant improvements in flux and rejection with increasing sulfonated silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Also, the tensile strength increased in the range of 15 to 25% for prepared membranes containing naniparticles. Results showed that nanocomposite membrane containing 0.1 wt.% SiO2-SO3H nanoparticles has an increase in the flux of 200% compared to the unmodified membrane and salt rejection of 75%. Also, the flux decreased the ratio of the optimum sample was 7.14 that showed better antifouling properties with decreasing of 75% relative to the PES one.

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized through the improved Hummer method and sulfonated graphene oxide nanoparticles (s-GO) were prepared by effective sulfonation reaction. To evaluate the effectiveness of nanofiltration membranes, the membranes were prepared based on the mixing of polyether sulfone with graphene oxide (GO) and sulfonated graphene oxide nanoparticles. Synthesis of GO and s-GO nanoparticles was structurally evaluated using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. Nanocomposite membrane containing nanoparticles were fabricated via phase inversion method and their performance was evaluated using membrane evaluation tests. Surface, cross-section morphology and membrane structure were observed by FE-SEM. The wettability of the membrane surface was determined by the test of contact angle, membrane porosity, water absorption and average membrane pore radius. Nanofiltration membrane performance was evaluated by measuring pure water flux, dye removal ability, desalination from aqueous solution, removal of heavy metals, fouling rate and flux recovery ratio. It seems, practically very hydrophilic -OSO3H groups located on GO surfaces can increase the hydrophilicity of the membrane and improve its anti-fouling properties in the final membrane. Fouling test for graphene sulfone-containing membranes showed better results.

In this investigation, an efficient nanomagnetic heterogeneous catalyst, Fe3O4@SiO2@ (CH2)3-en-SO3H/H2SO4 for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzoxazoles by the cyclocondensation reaction of aromatic aldehydes with 2-aminophenol under solvent-free conditions. Catalyst of Fe3O4@SiO2@ (CH2)3-en-SO3H/H2SO4, was synthesized by the immobilization of sulfonated ethylenediamine on the silica-supported magnetic nanoparticles. The catalyst can be recycled magnetically and can be reused several times without a significant decrease in the activity of the catalyst. The present method has several advantages such as excellent efficiency, convenient purification, mild reaction conditions, easy operation and short reaction time. Also nanomagnetic heterogeneous catalyst is found to be an economical, and reusable catalyst with low catalytic loading, a suitable catalyst, stable in air and humidity, heterogeneous and green catalytic.

A new type of cation-exchange nanocomposite membranes was prepared by in-situ formation of ZnO nanoparticles in a blend containing sulfonated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and sulfonated polyvinylchloride via a simple one-step chemical method. As-synthesized nanocomposite membranes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The SEM images showed that ZnO nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed throughout the polymeric matrices. The effect of additive loading on physicochemical and electrochemical properties of prepared cation-exchange nanocomposite membranes was studied. Various characterizations revealed that the incorporation of different amounts of ZnO nanoparticles into the basic membrane structure had a significant influence on the membrane performance and could improve the electrochemical properties.

In this research, first, functionalized Fe oxide magnetic nanoparticles based on sulfonated tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane/copper (II) nitrate were synthesized as a new, effective and recyclable magnetic catalyst, and then, was used in the reaction of preparing of Various 2-pyrazolines. Finally, the  prepared 2-pyrazolines were  oxidized to  the corresponding 2-pyrazoles under in situ and one-pot conditions, in such a way that, under optimal conditions, a wide and different range of unsaturated α, β-unsaturated  ketones (trans-chalcones) that had various functional groups including electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, were successfully transformed into the corresponding final products under easy and mild conditions. All products were obtained in good to excellent yields and no by-product was observed. The new synthesized magnetic nanocatalyst was characterized by various methods including infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (CHN) and analysis Thermogravimetry (TGA). The catalyst was easily recycled by the external magnetic field and was used for several times without observing a significant and effective decrease in its catalytic activity. Also, the structure of various synthesized 2-pyrazoles were confirmed by comparing their physical characteristics including melting point with the reported samples and also by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (1H-NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (13C-NMR) and elemental analysis. Finally, no using of harsh reaction conditions, the no by-product formation, as well as the ability to recycle and reuse the catalyst, made this method an environmentally friendly method.