Auditory temporal processing is the main feature of speech processing abilities which including temporal resolution, temporal ordering, temporal integration and temporal masking. Even though the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have normal hearing, they may show speech recognition disorders. This study aimed to compare the auditory temporal processing in patients with left and right temporal lobe epilepsy. In this cross sectional non-interventional study, 25 patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) with mean age of 31.1 years including 11 patients with Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (RTLE) and 14 patients with Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (LTLE) were evaluated by gap in noise (GIN) and duration pattern sequencing (DPS) tests. Results were compared with t-test analysis. There was no significant difference between patients with RTLE and LTLE in GIN test (p>0.05). But there was significant difference between patients with RTLE and LTLE (p=0.000) in DPS test. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have difficulties in temporal processing performances. Difficulties are more significant in patients with LTLE since the left temporal lobe is specialized for the processing of temporal information especially for the temporal ordering.

Temporal experiences are experiences that represent the temporal aspects of the world. Phenomenologically, our temporal experiences directly and immediately belong to temporal properties. This obvious phenomenological truth leads to a paradox with the addition of other premises. Three models have been presented to explain the possibility of direct perceptual experience of temporal properties to solve this paradox. These models are the snapshot or atomic model, extensionalism, and retentionalism. The snapshot model or atomism is that perceptual experiences are only instantaneous or short-term conscious events that occur in succession, and their succession is explanatory and adequate for temporal experience. We will first describe the paradox of temporal experiences and the approach of temporal experience models, try to explain the criticisms of the atomic model and their rejection, and finally show the explanatory adequacy of the succession of atomic experiences for the temporal experience.

Time and space are main parts of any phenomena in the real world. In spatial Information Systems (GIS) modeling processes are the first step in analyzing phenomena. Therefore including temporal aspects as well as spatial capabilities in GIS is necessary. One of the most important requirements in spatio-temporal modeling of phenomena in GIS is the ability to investigate their spatial and temporal topological relationships. In this paper we first explain different aspects of time as well as space and then propose a novel approach to extract a full list of temporal and also spatio-temporal topological relationships. Time as a distinct part of any phenomena can be considered to be zero or one dimensional. A zero dimensional temporal space is referred to a phenomena with start and end time occurrence in one chronon which is named event. A one dimensional temporal space is referred to a phenomena with a duration of existence and is named state. Accordingly, different spatial dimensions are point, line, area and volume. The proposed approach in this paper extracts all the possible relationships between different temporal aspects. The approach is based on a Boolean comparison matrix with two rows and four columns. Each cell of the matrix is a comparison between start and end of one temporal phenomena and start and end of the other which results true or false. This matrix leads to 28=256 relations which all of them are not logically acceptable. Therefore we explain how to find unacceptable relations. Removing these relations we find 13 relations between two temporal states, 6 relations between a temporal state and a temporal event and finally 3 relations between two temporal events. Furthermore, in order to conflate spatial and temporal topological relationships two strategies are proposed. In the first one, we used logical AND and OR operators and in the second strategy we consider the time to be an orthogonal dimension added to 2D spatial space. Each of these strategies leads to a comprehensive list of spatio-temporal relationships. Finally in order to illustrate the applicability of the extracted relationships, we implement them in a land information management system. The system is used to response spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal queries regarding historical situation of any parcels. As an example for spatial topological queries, the system is able to find parcels which are overlap with newly designed green space. Similarly the system can for example find land parcels which their duration of existence has same start point in time. This is a "start" temporal topological relationships. Regarding spatio-temporal relationship, the system can for example find land parcels which are coincide with a land parcel and are also neighbor to it.

The effects of brain lesions on the ability to sequence auditory stimuli have been documented in numerous studies. Some investigations have demonstrated that for almost all people، left hemisphere is specialized in temporal processing، especially the temporal ordering. The Aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal processing abilities of patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy by means of “duration pattern sequence«test. In this cross-sectional study، 25 temporal lobe epileptic subjects (11 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 14 ones with left temporal lobe epilepsy) and 18 normal controls with the age range of 15 to 50 years were assessed by duration pattern test. All subjects were evaluated in rehabilitation faculty of Tehran University of Medical Science. The mean scores of correct answers were statistically compared between the three groups using one-way ANOVA. Tukey’s HSD test revealed significant differences between controls and patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy and also between patients with right and those with left temporal lobe epilepsy (P < 0. 05). Difference subjects between right temporal lobe epilepsy and normal groups، however، were not significant (P > 0. 05). Difficulties in processing of temporal ordering among the patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy can be considered as a proof for the specialization of the left temporal lobe in the processing of temporal ordering.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most frequent epileptic syndromes in adults. Some patients with epilepsy، especially TLE، have central auditory disorders، such as temporal processing، even though they have normal peripheral auditory function. The Gaps-in-Noise (GIN) test is one of the new tests for assessing auditory temporal resolution. The aim of this study was to evaluate temporal resolution ability in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. In this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study، 25 subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy (11 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 14 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy) and 18 normal control subjects of 15 to 50 years of age were assessed by the GIN test. Parameters of GIN test were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and compared between the three groups. There was a significant difference in the mean of approximate threshold and percentage of correct answer in GIN test in the right ear، left ear، and mean of both ears between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and normal subjects (p<0. 05). However، difference between right and left temporal lobe epilepsy groups were not significant (p>0. 05). The lower percentage of correct answer and higher approximate threshold in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy in comparison with the normal control group revealed temporal processing deficiencies especially in temporal resolution abilities. This may be due to involvement of structures related to temporal processing.

Main feature of auditory processing abilities is temporal processing including temporal resolution, temporal ordering, temporal integration and temporal masking. Many studies have shown the superiority of musicians in temporal discrimination over non-musicians. In this study we compared temporal processing in musicians and non-musician controls via Gap in Noise (GIN) test. This cohort study was conducted on 24 musicians with mean age of 25.3 years and 24 normal hearing non-musician controls with mean age of 24.5 years, in Faculty of Rehabilitation of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. GIN test results (approximate threshold and percent of corrected answers) obtained and analyzed by Mann-Whitney non-parametric statistical test. There was significant difference between approximate threshold and percent of corrected answers between musicians and non-musician group (p<0.001), while no sex difference was observed between both groups (p>0.05). the lower approximate threshold and the more corrected answers in GIN test by musician group indicate rapid auditory temporal processing ability of this group rather than non-musicians group. This might be related to effects of musical training on central auditory processing.

The uncertainty in forecasted precipitation remains a major source of uncertainty in real time flood forecasting. Precipitation uncertainty consists of uncertainty in the magnitude, temporal distribution, and spatial distribution of the precipitation. Due to uncertainty propagation of precipitation in flood forecasting model of HEC-1, temporal disaggregation method is applied by using the framework of fuzzy Extension Principle supported by a normal genetic algorithm. The uncertainty due to the unknown temporal distribution of the precipitation is achieved by randomly disaggregation of the precipitation into subperiods. Uncertainty in discharge and volume of flood hydrograph due to precipitation with temporal disaggregation and precipitation without temporal disaggregation is estimated and is compared with each others. The results show that in all forecasts the uncertainty in discharge and volume of flood hydrograph due to precipitation with temporal disaggregation is significantly more than uncertainty due to precipitation without temporal disaggregation. So that for forecast subperiod equal to six and membership function of precipitation magnitude equal to zero, the uncertainty in peak discharge due to precipitation with temporal disaggregation and without temporal disaggregation are 33. 7% and 16%, respectively. Also the uncertainty in volume of flood hydrograph due to precipitation with temporal disaggregation and without temporal disaggregation are 23. 5% and 14. 8%, respectively. Also the uncertainty in peak discharge due to the uncertainty in the temporal and spatial distribution can be significantly dominant over the uncertainty due to the uncertainty in the magnitude of the precipitation. So that for forecast subperiod equal to six and membership function of precipitation magnitude equal to zero، the uncertainty in peak discharge due to the temporal and spatial distribution and the magnitude of precipitation are 17. 7% and 16%, respectively. Therefore using space- and time-averaged precipitation over the basin may lead to erroneous forecasts.

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a remediable epileptic syndrome. About 40% of patients continue to have seizures after standard temporal lobectomy. It has been suggested that some of these patients could actually suffer from a more complex epileptogenic network. Because a few papers have been dedicated to this topic, we decided to write an article updating this theme.
We performed a literature search using the following terminology: “temporal plus epilepsy and networks,” “temporal plus epilepsy,” “orbito-temporal epilepsy,” “temporo-insular epilepsy,” “temporo-parieto-occipital (TPO) epilepsy,” “parieto-temporal epilepsy,” “intracortical evoked potential and temporal plus epilepsy,” “temporal lobe connectivity and epilepsy,” “intracortical evoked potential and epilepsy surgery,” “role of extratemporal structures in TLE,” “surgical failure after temporal lobectomy,” “Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and temporal epilepsy,” and “positron emission tomography (PET) in temporal plus lobe epilepsy” in the existing PubMed databases. We searched only English and Spanish literature. Only papers that fit with the above-mentioned descriptors were included as part of the evidence. Other articles were used to reference some aspects of the temporal plus epilepsy.
A total of 48 papers from 2334 were revised. The most frequently reported auras in these groups of patients are gustatory hallucinations, vestibular illusions, laryngeal and throat constriction, atypical distribution of somatosensory symptoms (perioral and hands, bilaterally hands paresthesias, trunk and other). The most common signs are tonic posturing, hemifacial twist, and frequent bilateral clonic movements. Interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns exhibit regional and frequently bilateral spikes and/or slow waves. The first ictal electrographic change is mostly regional. It is important to note that the evidence is supported by case series or case reports. Thus, most of the data presented could represent the features on these cases and not actually the totality of the iceberg.
Temporal plus epilepsy is a diagnosis that can be done only after the invasive recordings have been analyzed but an adequate suspicion may arise based on clinical, EEG and imaging data.

In the history of Islamic thoughts, Kalām specialists mostly believed in temporal coming-into-being of the universe, and on the other side, Islamic philosophers mostly believed in temporal eternity of it. But in contrast, “Mulla Sadra” as an Islamic philosopher, on the basis of the “renewing creation” based on the “substantial motion”, believed in temporal coming-into-being of the universe in every moment; but meanwhile, he rejects the temporal finitism. In this paper, after reconsidering the concepts of “temporal coming-into-being” and “temporal finitude” of the universe, I criticize the most important arguments against the temporal finitism, using the framework of Mulla Sadra’s transcendent philosophy. So I show that one can accept Mulla Sadra’s philosophical framework and his “renewing creation”, but reject his arguments against temporal finitism. Finally, I argue that not only there is no contradiction between transcendent philosophy and temporal finitism, but also this framework helps a lot for a coherent and valid explanation of both the temporal coming-into-being of the universe and the temporal finitude of it. Accordingly, I have introduced a new picture for temporal coming-into-being, in which the universe has both temporal beginning and renewing creation. One could call this theory "The temporally finite renewing universe". This model in addition to enjoying the benefits of the fruitful framework of transcendent philosophy, helps to solve some of the interdisciplinary problems and possible conflicts.

The eternity of God has been proposed in both temporal and timeless forms. According to temporal eternity, God is and has always been, and will be in time. But according to timeless eternity, God is out of time. Many contemporary philosophers of religion have defended the theory of temporal eternity. William Craig and Stephen Davis, among others, have tried to prove the existence of a timeless God by challenging the arguments for timeless eternity. Their arguments are: God's personal existence requires temporal eternity; The temporal actions of God show that the divine essence is temporal; Attributing temporal attributes to the essence of God indicates the temporality of the divine essence; God's knowledge of temporal objects is not possible without the temporality of God's nature. This article will focus on the arguments of William Craig and Stephen Davis to analyze and critique these arguments and prove that rationally, the theory of timeless eternity, which is a common view in Islamic theology and philosophy, does not face any challenge.