Arresting suspects and fighting against the disturbers of public order are the duties of police which are done by them as representative of people. However, lawmakers under some circumstance have granted this right to its original owners, i.e. the citizens. That being so, they are entitled to use force in order to arrest and hand over accused to the legal authorities. Present article reviews the history, circumstances and scope of citizens intervention regarding the arrest of the accused in the legal system of Iran and England where the origin of the citizen’s arrest theory is. In the common law, citizen's arrest has the historical basis and now citizens of English, in Indictable offences with other circumstances, have the right to arrest the accused. However, in the Iranian legal system and for the first time, the legislator has granted people the right of taking necessary actions in order to prevent the offender from escaping and protecting the crime scene based the Article 45 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (2014). This right is conditional due to the three conditions: just especial crimes, crime shall be evident and the absence of law enforcers.

The Right of arrest is one of the foremost authorities that has been awarded to authorities of criminal justice system in order to fight against crime effectively. Although attempts has been done to prevent from detention of innocent persons by requiring officers to use criteria such as reasonable suspicion before detention, but in some cases with according to the law at the beginning and continued detention, finally the verdict on the innocence of arrested defendants was issued. In this case the fundamental question arises as to whether the detainee can claim compensation for detention and losses during which incurred? Although the pros and cons raised, but arguments of proponents is stronger than opponents. In this regard, in recent decades under various criminal justice system including France (since 1970) and Iran (since 2014) the right of compensation from innocent arrested defendants have been accepted. This article tries to study this institution in Iran and France criminal justice system with a comparative approach.

Transverse theory of performance guarantee as a famous theory based on reasoning and logic along with the longitudinal theory of performance guarantee has been accepted by some legal systems and international documents that the right to terminate the contract arises with the possibility of coercion of the obligee and the basis of its occurrence is It can be any violation or breach of contractual obligations by the obligor. In other words, the violation of the obligation is considered in the general sense, and the refusal to fulfill the obligation in the general sense (i.e. refusal in any form) can also be considered a violation, which creates the right of termination for the obligor. According to the opinions and evidence of some jurists, refusing to fulfill the obligation even in the case of imprisonment of the transaction as a pledge can cause the termination of the contract. This research has been done by library method and descriptive-analytical method by explaining the transverse theory of guarantee of execution in different legal systems, international documents and legal doctrine and analyzing and criticizing the influence of the right of arrest inferred from Article 377. The law examines and studies the existence of performance guarantee in the transverse theory.

In exchange contracts, the parties committed to performing obligations are specified. One of the guarantees for the fulfillment of the obligations of the parties is the lien. The purpose of this article is to examine the conditions of lien in transactions in Iranian jurisprudence and law. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.Ethical Considerations: In this paper, the originality of the text, honesty, and trustworthiness are respected. Realization of lien in Iranian jurisprudence and law depends on conditions such as the existence of a valid contract of indemnification, the existence of an indemnity contract, non-fulfillment of obligations, the simultaneous or submission of two obligations and the creation of lien in relation to two obligations, the binding nature of the obligations of the parties, and the absence of a deadline. And non-payment of the price and voluntary surrender is a sale. The responsibility of the other party of the lien holder for the maintenance cost of the lien item, the security of the property at the time of the lien exercise, the intervention of the court to fulfill the contractual obligations and the granting of deadlines and price installments are the effects of the realization of the lien right. Imprisonment is foreseen due to the acceleration of the realization of the right. This right is a way that if it is used according to the law, it can reduce the lawsuits, with the explanation that the parties can assert their rights by using the right of arrest and avoid going to the court. Accordingly, it can be used as one of the methods of performance guarantee in barter contracts.

The police in the Iranian legal system have the right to arrest and monitor individuals, exceptionally and under certain conditions. The purpose of this study is the effect of the requirements of the implementation of the Criminal Procedure Code adopted in 1392 on bailiffs in respecting the rights of the supervised person.This research is based on quantitative nature, in terms of application and using descriptive-survey method. The statistical population includes 384 members of the community of lawyers, bailiffs, judicial officials in Tehran who are randomly selected and the t-test, Klomogorov-

Smirinov and findings:

The supervised person's access to means of communication with the average 2.81 below the average and at a low level, the supervised person's knowledge of their rights with an average of 3.63 above the average and at a high level and the supervised person's access to medical examination with an average of 22 / 4 is too mediocre and highly rated.Due to the lack of infrastructure for the implementation of due process, the rights of the supervised persons in access to means of communication, medical examination and information about their rights, bailiffs under the pretext of high volume of missions, lack of timely detection, length of proceedings, deviation The possibility of an effective confrontation with crime, have not obeyed the law well. In this regard, focusing on training law enforcement and legal knowledge and controlling and monitoring the behavior of officers to minimize violations of the rights of persons under surveillance, should be on their agenda.

Police in Cases such as obvious or important offences, is authorized to Intervene, arrest, detain and investigate citizens. The current rules And regulations of our country have a passive role in Showing respect to dos and don’ts and exhibiting decorous And lawful behavior towards the arrested people. The Commitment treat people appropriately, the right to have a Lawyer, keep silent, consult a lawyer about law and get Informed about their rights, the recording of investigations, The right to know about the accusations, and declare their Arrest to their lawyer and family, the right to consult their Lawyer in private, the presence of impartial authorities in the Investigations, periodic reviews and revisions in order to Approve of the reasons for arresting and detaining people, The presence of duty and official (permanent) lawyers in the Police office and the right to compensate for any incurred Damage at this stage of trial procedure, are among the Indispensable factors of British judicial system. Iranian legal system is silent about above cited except in Communication of reasons of accusation.

U.K. allows for detention prior to committing crime; police can arrest any person against whom logical a reason for criminality exists. On the contrary, in Iran legal system arrest can take place only when the right is issued and when the accused escapes after committing evident crimes. In both legal systems, in case of any crime accordance, officers in the process of arresting the accused are allowed to use gun in the framework of law. The present paper tries to compare and contrast the two legal systems in terms of arresting the accused.

Support of the individual rights and freedom is one of the purposes of criminal procedural rules. Police detention or surveillance is contrary to the individual rights. In accordance with obvious rules, police at both American and Iranian systems of justice might arrest someone. This matter has an exceptional aspect. It is essential to observe two provisions in which include “visible crime” and “the principle of necessity”. A warrant is issued by judicial authorities to arrest someone is a requirement under American rules and it is possible to arrest someone at visible crime. Legislator of both legal systems has been considering rights like having promptly access to a lawyer since this proceeding to the presumption of innocence. Nevertheless, the accused has a right to be silent until a lawyer comes under American system of justice. On the other hand, fair and just interrogation such as realization of the accusation and its evidences to secure accused’ rights is predicted by both legal systems. In line with American rules, the realization of the arrest and predicting electronic devices to record accused’ statements is considered. Moreover, appropriate sanctions like exclusionary rule beside other sanctions at this legal system is predicted. Anyway, considering the regularity of the arrest and detention at this stage, both legal systems have put their efforts into reinforcing the accused’ rights.

Intraoperative right ventricular perforation due to pacing catheter after its successful and uneventful insertion is a rare complication. Here, we present a case of cardiac arrest due to right ventricular perforation associated with a pacemaker lead during off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
The case was a 68-year-old male, who was admitted to our hospital with retrosternal chest pain. He had a history of implantation of a permanent pacemaker due to symptomatic complete atrioventricular block. Based on angiography, the diagnosis was 3- vessel disease involving the left anterior descending, second obtuse marginal, and right coronary arteries. The right ventricle was perforated by the tip of the permanent pacemaker lead during off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Subsequently, the patient suddenly experienced cardiac arrest and underwent emergency on-pump cardiac surgery.
This case showed that in some situations, emergency surgery as a life saving procedure may be required in cardiac perforation due to permanent pacemaker lead even following cardiac arrest.

Over the last decade, pirates have resumed their activity in the international seas and waterways after years of enthusiasm. This has led to a surprise to the international community and a series of generally violent and violent measures to confront these perpetrators. However, piracy perpetrators, like those charged with other international crimes, enjoyed various privileges and privileges, with countries showing little interest in assigning these rights to these defendants. in addition, respect for human rights in the criminal proceedings against piracy committed with challenges such as respecting the reasonable deadline for arrest and detention of defendants on board the ship, the issuing authority has arrested detainees and prosecuted piracy suspects in a third country who deserve attention and Review. In the present research, the special status of prosecution, arrest and trial of piracy offenders and applicable human rights are discussed.