The issues and discussions related to strategic negotiations are very simple, yet they are quite difficult to understand. They seem simple as many of these negotiations like US-Russian negotiations on nuclear disarmament, peace talks between India and Pakistan, US-China trade negotiations, nuclear negotiations between Iran and 5+1, etc., are brought up in daily news. They are also difficult since there is hardly any research works done on the nature as well as the methods of such negotiation, especially in Persian, so far. However, there are resources on diplomatic and trade negotiations which are clearly different from the strategic negotiation that is relying on power. Strategic Negotiations imply the negotiations on the important international, regional and national issues and contexts in the medium to long-term process which requires certain negotiating skills and tactics. In these negotiations strategies are the instruments to direct you reach to the predetermined goals, and tactics are also the tools to help you achieve your strategies. Strategic leaders must know how to run the negotiations beyond different perspectives. Although, this may seem a tough process, yet in reality we are involved with it. This kind of negotiating is known as strategic negotiation. The present study briefly describes the aspects, types and principles of the negotiations. It eventually examines the relationship between the strategic negotiations and power. It finally concludes by giving an example of strategic negotiation as a case study.

Townsend and colleagues highlighted the myriad political forces which fostered attention to health issues during negotiations to establish a new trans-pacific trade deal in Australia (the CP-TPP [Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership], formerly known as TPP). Among the factors they identify, exporter interests and exogenous events helped to generate attention to trade-related concerns about tobacco and access medicines, and limited attention to nutrition and alcohol. These are important considerations as the United Kingdom negotiates a trade deal with the United States in haste, whilst at the same time attempting to manage the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this commentary, I reflect on changing attention to trade and nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in light of Townsend and colleagues’ analysis. I explore scope for greater attention to nutrition in US-UK trade negotiations, and the challenges created by the vested interests of major UK and US processed food exporters. I further discuss the utility of the theoretical tools employed by Townsend and colleagues for wider debates in the political economy of health.

Membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) is one of the most important economic challenges of Iran, after removal of international sanctions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential effects of trade negotiations process and WTO membership on economic growth, by exploring and simulating on acceded countries experiences. To this end, we estimated an endogenous economic growth model, using longitudinal data from 179 countries during 1980 and 2015, with dynamic panel data and instrumental variables (Panel GMM) approach. We conclude that there is likely to be a positive and significant relationship between economic growth and WTO accessing negotiation process, as well as WTO membership. It means that, the effects of accession to the WTO on economic growth is not limited to the period after the full membership, but also the process of accession negotiations - because of required reforms in the economic institutions and policies - affect the country's economic growth too.

China is one of the most challenging environment for negotiations. China has second and first rating in  Iran's import and export. The aim of the present study was to identify factors of success in the commercial negotiation process with China and ranked them. The research population  comprised  merchants  of Mazandaran  province that had  at least one year experience in  negotioation  with Chinese merchants. This study consists of two parts: qualitative and quantitative. The output of the qualitative section  was questionnaire. In quantitative section, the findings showed that being a professional in the field  of negotiation, Chinese trust us,and  meeting face to face instead of correspondence were the most important success factors in Iranian and Chinese merchants trade negotiations from  the perspective of Iranian merchants. Iranian negotiator fluent in Chinese, identify the target market in China, review issues after agreement had  the largest gaps.

BackgroundDespite greater attention to the nexus between trade and investment agreements and their potential impacts on public health, less is known regarding the political and governance conditions that enable or constrain attention to health issues on government trade agendas. Drawing on interviews with key stakeholders in the Australian trade domain, this article provides novel insights from policy actors into the range of factors that can enable or constrain attention to health in trade negotiations. MethodsA qualitative case study was chosen focused on Australia’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations and the domestic agenda-setting processes that shaped the government’s negotiating mandate. Process tracing via document analysis of media reporting, parliamentary records and government inquiries identified key events during Australia’s participation in the TPP negotiations. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 25 key government and non-government policy actors including Federal politicians, public servants, representatives from public interest nongovernment organisations and industry associations, and academic experts. ResultsInterviews revealed that domestic concerns for protecting regulatory space for access to generic medicines and tobacco control emerged onto the Australian government’s trade agenda. This contrasted with other health issues like alcohol control and nutrition and food systems that did not appear to receive attention. The analysis suggests sixteen key factors that shaped attention to these different health issues, including the strength of exporter interests; extent of political will of Trade and Health Ministers; framing of health issues; support within the major political parties; exogenous influencing events; public support; the strength of available evidence and the presence of existing domestic legislation and international treaties, among others. ConclusionThese findings aid understanding of the factors that can enable or constrain attention to health issues on government trade agendas, and offer insights for potential pathways to elevate greater attention to health in future. They provide a suite of conditions that appear to shape attention to health outside the biomedical health domain for further research in the commercial determinants of health.

Empirical studies show that establishment of World Trade Organization (WTO) had a significant role in increasing growth of international trade. After removal of international sanctions, membership in WTO is one of the most important economic challenges for Iran. The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential effects of trade negotiations and WTO membership on growth of manufacturing industries, by exploring and simulating based on experiences of acceded countries. To meet this end, we estimated an endogenous economic growth model, using longitudinal data from 179 countries, including 36 newly acceded countries, during the period 1980 to 2015, with dynamic panel data and instrumental variables (Panel GMM) approach. We have used the proportion of value added in manufacturing sector to GDP as a proxy for industrial growth. Also, we have included two dummy variables for negotiation process and membership period to separate the effects related to each of them. Our results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between growth of manufacturing sector and WTO accessing negotiation process, as well as WTO membership. It means that, the effects of accession to the WTO on growth of manufacturing sector is not limited to the period after the full membership, but also - because of required reforms in the economic institutions and policies - the process of accession negotiations can affect economic growth as well.

Negotiations surrounding the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade and investment agreement have recently concluded. Although trade and investment agreements, part of a broader shift to global economic integration, have been argued to be vital to improved economic growth, health, and general welfare, these agreements have increasingly come under scrutiny for their direct and indirect health impacts.
We conducted a prospective health impact analysis to identify and assess a selected array of potential health risks of the TPP. We adapted the standard protocol for Health impact assessments (HIAs) (screening, scoping, and appraisal) to our aim of assessing potential health risks of trade and investment policy, and selected a health impact review methodology. This methodology is used to create a summary estimation of the most significant impacts on health of a broad policy or cluster of policies, such as a comprehensive trade and investment agreement.
Our analysis shows that there are a number of potentially serious health risks associated with the TPP, and details a range of policy implications for the health sector. Of particular focus are the potential implications of changes to intellectual property rights (IPRs), sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), technical barriers to trade (TBT), investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), and regulatory coherence provisions on a range of issues, including access to medicines and health services, tobacco and alcohol control, diet-related health, and domestic health policymaking.
We provide a list of policy recommendations to mitigate potential health risks associated with the TPP, and suggest that broad public consultations, including on the health risks of trade and investment agreements, should be part of all trade negotiations.

Today, preferential and free trade agreements play an effective role in expanding trade in goods and services at the international level and as common practice in business planning and facilitating trade. The purpose of this article is to examine the trade and welfare effects of Iranchr('39')s free trade agreement with Turkey, India and Pakistan. For this purpose, using the Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE) model and version 10 of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), three scenarios of concluding a free trade agreement with each of these countries were simulated. The results show that most of the welfare effects of the free trade agreement between Iran and Turkey are  2027 million Dollars, India is 1311 million Dollars and Pakistan is very small, about  38 million Dollars . On this basis, it was suggested that the Iranian government first enter into a free trade agreement with Turkey on mineral products, agriculture and services. And with India be centered on industrial, mineral, food and service products, and on rice and cereals by eliminating customs tariffs more restrictively and over time. Regarding Pakistan, it is necessary to identify the trade field between the two countries during trade negotiations and to provide the term for the success of the bilateral free trade agreement between the two countries by increasing bilateral trade exchanges.

India has been referred to as one of the emerging economies since early twenty-first century. Rapid growth of GDP and imports/exports along with attraction of substantial foreign direct investment are indicators of the enhancement of India’s position in global economy. In such circumstances, India is also gaining influence in multilateral trade negotiations within WTO framework. Given the important role that multilateral economic institutions play in shaping the contemporary political and economic interactions and due to India’s more rigorous stance in the Doha Round, this article uses descriptive-analytic method and library resources to interpret this policy shift. It also emphasizes on economic reforms, domestic-international interaction, and WTO structure as effective components in this policy shift and simultaneously examines Indian diplomacy and negotiation strategy. This article tries to answer this question: what is India's orientation in WTO? It hypothesizes that India agrees with the WTO's principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures. The article concludes that Indian position toward WTO talks is no longer concentrated on introducing intrinsic changes in order to stand against this organization; rather, it is taking advantage of its new alliances and negotiation methods as a means of economic diplomacy to shape India’s and other emerging countries’ economic demand.

This study aims to identify and rank the key components influencing Iran's strategic model of trade diplomacy in World Expo exhibitions. 

The research adopts a mixed-methods approach. Initially, the components of Iran’s trade diplomacy in World Expo exhibitions were identified through a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts. The interviews were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding, resulting in 33 categories and eight key components. These components include cultural showcase, presentation of trade and economic opportunities, trade negotiation, resource management, national branding, private sector participation, development of a trade diplomacy framework (clear articulation of trade diplomacy policy), and research and development (R&D). In the quantitative phase, an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach was employed to develop Iran’s trade diplomacy model for World Expo exhibitions based on input from 15 stakeholders, including trade diplomats, business professionals, academics, and Expo organizers. Subsequently, MICMAC analysis was utilized to assess the influence and dependency levels of these components. 

The results indicated that private sector participation ranks at the highest level in Iran's strategic trade diplomacy model for World Expo exhibitions. Following this, national branding and the development of a trade diplomacy framework occupy the next level. Research and development, along with trade negotiation, were identified at the third level, while cultural showcase and the presentation of trade and economic opportunities were positioned at the fourth level. Resource management was placed at the lowest level of the strategic trade diplomacy model. 

Using interpretive structural modeling, the position of these factors was mapped in a variable scatterplot with the help of MICMAC analysis, allowing for the identification of key variables’ roles and interrelations within the strategic framework.