Throughout the present research، squash (Cucurbita pepo) slices (0. 4 cm thickness and 4 cm diameter) were blanched in a steam chamber for 4 min. Following cooling to room temperature، the squash slices were dehydrated by use of a hotair dryer، under air temperature of 60°C up to moisture content of 0. 1065 kg H2O per kg d. m. Squash slices of specified weights were rehydrated by immersion in distilled water at different temperatures (25، 50، and 75°C). They were agitated at different speeds (0،100، and 200 rpm). For any of the experiments، the dry matter to water ratio was kept at 1:25. The squash samples were removed from water at specified time intervals of up to 300 min. Then their weight، dry matter content and water absorption content (in percent) were determined. The squash slice color was examined over a 180 min period. The results showed thatrehydration time، water temperatureand agitation speed had significant effects (p˂0. 01) on dry matter content، water absorption (percent) and color indices (L*، a*، b*، and ΔE) in the dried squash slices. Water absorption percent and total color difference (ΔE) of squash slices increased، whereas dry matter content and color indices (a*، b*، and L*) decreased with rehydration time. Maximum water absorption and ΔE، minimum dry matter content as well as color indices (a*، b*، and L*)، were observed in squash slices rehydrated into 75°C water and agitated at 200 rpm.

Seed coat color as a perfect and simple index is effective on water absorption, seed dormancy and germination. Mustard plant produces seeds with different coat color. So, in order to investigate the effect of seed coat color on germination rate, percentage of germination and dormancy of Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) seeds an experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were included two types of seed coat color (brown and black) and dormancy breaking treatments (Control, Potassium nitrate 0.2%, GA3 250, GA3 500 ppm and one, two and three weeks prechilling). The results showed that the differences between germination indices traits in brown and black seeds were significant. So that, the germination rate and germination percent in black seed were greater than brown seeds, but duration of dormancy in brown seeds was greater than black seed. One week prechilling treatment had most effect on breaking dormancy. So that germination percentage and germination rate for black seed was 75% and 0.54 respectively and these amounts for brown seeds were 58% and 0/43 respectively. Potassium nitrate and GA3 (250 and 500 ppm) reduced germination rate and germination percent in both types of seeds. In addition, water absorption percent in brown seeds was more than black seeds. The final results showed that heteromorphic seeds of Mustard have variation in duration of dormancy, germination and water absorption percent.

One of the critical problems in the world is disposal of waste materials. One of this waste materials is tire rubber that is not decomposable and so is noticed. Annually exceeding of 10 million waste tire rubber are stockpiled in iran. Recycling of waste tire rubber is a suitable way for both disposal waste materials and reach to positive properties of concrete. On the basis of researchers studies، using of waste tire rubber in concrete cause to improve mechanical and dynamic properties of concrete such as energy absorption، ductility and cracking resistance. A series of experimental studies were carried out to evaluate mechanical properties of concrete containing waste crumb tire rubber. In this study، 12% and 18% of fine aggregates were replaced with truck waste crumb tire rubber without wire with mesh 15-20 in concrete mix design and then 3 groups of concrete، totally 18 samples، were constructed. Concrete mix design was according to BS and was 0. 54 constantly. 3 day compression strength and water absorption percent of samples were studied. Dry and saturated specific weight also determined. On the basis of results، Use of crumb tire rubber in concrete cause to decrease compression strength and specific weight but increase water absorption percent of concrete. In this article، based upon the results، charts are presented and optimum data are also determined.

Rock strength parameters, especially the Brittleness is one of the most important features controlling the behavior of the rock material.Brittleness is a function of strength, which indicates the rock strength against deformation in the elastic range. rock damage is largely the function of rock properties.
Given the Brittleness of engineering projects stones are crucial and direct methods for measuring the Brittleness not standardized, in this study using p-wave speed test, dry density, water absorption percent, Schmidt hammer test, Point Load Test and also Single Axial Compressive Strength Brazilian elasticity on 10 samples of peridotites located in Harsin, Kermanshah Province to determine the implications of Brittleness fracture parameters determined by physical and mechanical characteristics.
According to the results, there is no reasonable and acceptable relationship between dry density and sound speed tests with the brittle rock.The highest adaptation between water absorption test, Schmitt hammer test and point load testwith brittleness indexes is BI , BI B3. That The correlation coefficient of these indices is 0.76(r) , 0.79(r) and 0.98(r) Respectively.
In fact, the mechanical properties of these rocks toward the physical properties are more consistentwith Brittleness index

Kandovan village is the one of the tourist attractions in East Azarbaijan province of Iran. Rural houses have been excavated within the rocks of cone-shaped Pyroclastic rocks several hundred years ago. The cone-shaped rocks of Kandovan are susceptible to weathering، erosion and degradation because its special geological properties. Present paper has been discussed weathering and erosion in theses rocks using field studies and laboratory tests. Kandovan rock mass has low resistance against weathering and erosion because its components are plagioclase minerals and pumice fragments with low resistance and low welding and sorting، high sphericity and rounding. Although weathering and erosion along existing joints and fractures is the most important causative agent of cone-shaped forms but there is the possibility of further damage of houses due to continuing weathering and erosion processes. High porosity of rocks has caused that it to have a high capacity for water absorption. High water absorption percent and high sensitivity against expansion and contraction by freezing-thawing and wetting-drying cycles and low hardness and internal strength of Kandovan rock mass causes weathering and disintegration due to environmental impacts. Furthermore، weak texture of pyroclastic rocks causes easy erosion of rock by surface waters and wind.

The structure must be able to maintain its stability and resistance in the event of a fire to protect human life. From time immemorial, concrete has been known to have fire-retardant properties. Thatchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s why the biggest concern with concrete structures at the time of the fire was the reinforcement and their non-flow. But with the development of concrete technology, the focus has also shifted to improving the mechanical properties of concrete to increase its fire resistance. The use of pozzolans and additives in concrete to achieve high-strength and durable concrete has been in the concrete industry for several years. In this study, the role of seashell and lumashell powder and their effects on the mechanical properties of concrete and achieving the optimal percentage of using shellfish powder to achieve high fire resistance and durability have been studied. For this purpose, laboratory tests involving slump evaluation, water absorption percent, and compressive strength under high temperature were conducted on samples in which the replacement ratios of Portland cement with the same weight of shell powder were 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20% weight percent. Experimental results showed that seashell and lumashell powder increase the hydration rate and consequently caused an increase in the heat of hydration which resulted in a faster loss of water in the concrete. Furthermore, Seashell and Lumashell powder absorbed more water than cement due to their finer particles. All these ultimately resulted in a reduction in concrete slump such that regardless to the shell powder type, adding 2.5, 5 and 15% of shell powder, in average led to 13.5, 27.5 and 52% reduction in concrete slump respectively and it became approximately constant when the used shell powder was in excess of 15%. In addition, results showed that the presence of seashell and lumashell powder decrease water absorption in samples and made them more impenetrable. It happened because by filling the void in the cement paste with fine powder particles, the permeable cavities have been reduced and the connection paths of the cavities have been somewhat blocked. Replacement of cement with 2.5%, 5% and 10% of Seashell and Lumashell powder led to (27%, 44%, 73%) and (7%, 59%, 73%) reduction in concrete water absorption values respectively and it became approximately constant when the used shell powder was in excess of 10%. The results of this study also showed that the replacement of cement with Seashell and Lumashell powder slightly increases the thermal resistance of concrete and the amount of replacement of 5% by weight of cement with shell powder is reported as the optimal percentage. Adding more than 5% shell powder as a substitute for cement, regardless of its type, is harmful and significantly reduces the thermal resistance of concrete. Also, the results of laboratory tests showed that when concrete is exposed to high temperatures, properties such as load-bearing capacity and durability are reduced, leading to cracking, loss of compressive strength and concrete divot. Finally, it can be concluded that the optimal percentage of using seashell and lumashell powder instead of Portland cement can lead to a suitable concrete in terms of respect for the environment.

The major factor to improve wheat flour and bread is gluten that causes improvement of texture and bread volume. But, this protein is dangerous for coeliac disease. With regard to, bread is staple food in majority of people, so, the aim of this research is to produce gluten free baguette with high nutrition values and favorable quality, by using a mixture of sorghum flour and potato starch and xanthan gum. So a blend of sorghum flour and potato starch with ratios of 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and xanthan gum with percentages of : 0, 1.5, 3 % were used. Then the specifications of dough and bread were evaluated. Then rheological properties of dough, were determined by farinograph and extensograph in triplicate. Baguette was baked from treatments and were evaluated sensory, organoleptic characteristics, colour, volume, texture and staling of bread in 1, 36 and 72h after baking. Results were analysed by factoriel method and Minitab in 95% confidence level. The results showed that by increasing the ratio of sorghum flour and percentage of xanthan, water absorption percent of flour, dough development time, stability and farinograph quality number will increase. By increasing the ratio of sorghum flour, energy of extensograph and resistance to extension of dough will decrease. While by increasing percent of xanthan gum, these parameters will increase. But by increasing the ratio of sorghum flour, ratio number of extensograph will increase and by increasing xanthan, it will decrease. Also by increasing the ratio of the sorghum flour and potato starch and xanthan gum, The sensory and the texture specifications of baguette will improve. whereas increasing the ratio of sorghum flour, potato starch and xanthan gum will lead to increase the shelf life of the produced bread.

In this study effective factors in generation of Alisadr and Katalekhor caves have been compared with considering of geology condition, surface and subsurface karstic features, petrographical studies and determination of physical properties of rocks in the sites. From geotectonic point of view Alisadr cave is located in the sanandaj – sirjan zone and the katalekhor cave is located in the central Iran zone. Alisadr and Katalekhor caves are generated in Jurassic limestone and Qom formation (Oligo- miocene) limestone, respectively. According to site investigation results, in the Alisadr cave subsurface karst is developed but surface karstic features were rare and limited to afew small springs. In Katalekhor cave area both surface and subsurface karst developed. Spring with small discharge potential in Alisadr area indicated that karstic aquifers are not developed which is in accordance with scarcity of surface karstic features. Spring in the Katalekhor area have high discharge potential in respect to the Alisadr area springs that can be illustrate as a development of karstic aquifers in this regions. According to thin section studies results, Alisadr limestone mainly composed of crystallized calcite and Katalekhor limestone is a biocalcite Wackestone limestone samples tests results indicated that the Katalekhor limestone samples have porosity and water absorption percent higher than the Alisadr limestone. According to this research results, the Alisadr cave is hipogenetic that resulted from hydrothermal solutions activation, while Katalekhor cave is epigenic and generated as a result of penetration water activation.

The extraction of proteins from plant sources, in areas of the world where access to animal protein is limited, because of cost and availability is very important. Kidney beans are good sources of protein and contain a good profile of amino acids that can be used in this field. In this study the effect of different ratios of water to flour (5, 10 and 15 times) and different pH (8, 10 and 12) in alkaline extraction step on the physicochemical properties of the protein was investigated. The results showed significant effect (P <0.05) independent variables on efficiency, Purity, emulsifying properties, water and fat absorption and also total color change of produced protein. Process optimization showed that the use of water to flour ratio of 15 times, and pH of 8.8 to produce the extraction of proteins from kidney beans with 12.76 percent efficiency, which contains a 84.95 percent purity, power emulsifying 21.5 percent, 2.9 percent fat absorption, water absorption 1.2% and 46.26 of overall color change in the 0.700 level of desirability.

In this study, physical properties and leach resistance of eastern cottonwood-polymers that treated with copper oxide nanoparticles were studied. According to ASTM D4442 Standard, Wood samples converted to 20×20×20 mm dimensions, then were impregnated with polymers and nano copper oxide by full cell method. In this research variable factors were polymers (furfuryl alcohol and styrene monomer), concentration of polymers (40 and 80 percent) and nano copper oxide (in of concentrations 0, 0.4 and 0.8 percent). After preparing Samples, they were immersed in 100 ml of DI water and their water absorption, volumetric swelling and leach resistance were calculated. Obtained results showed that there are significant differences between treated and untreated samples, where treated samples had less volume of water absorption and volumetric swelling. Also samples treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano copper oxide showed better performance on physical properties in compare to samples treated with styrene monomer and nano copper oxide. In the case of leaching, treated samples with polymers had the least amount of copper leaching so that leaching values were less than 1 percent in most of them. After preparing Samples, they were immersed in 100 ml of DI water and their water absorption, volumetric swelling and leach resistance were calculated. Obtained results showed that there are significant differences between treated and untreated samples, where treated samples had less volume of water absorption and volumetric swelling. Also samples treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano copper oxide showed better performance on physical properties in compare to samples treated with styrene monomer and nano copper oxide. In the case of leaching, treated samples with polymers had the least amount of copper leaching so that leaching values were less than 1 percent in most of them. significant differences between treated and untreated samples, where treated samples had less volume of water absorption and volumetric swelling. Also samples treated with furfuryl alcohol and nano copper oxide showed better performance on physical properties in compare to samples treated with styrene monomer and nano copper oxide. In the case of leaching, treated samples with polymers had the least amount of copper leaching so that leaching values were less than 1 percent in most of them. After preparing Samples, they were immersed in 100 ml of DI water and their water absorption, volumetric swelling and leach resistance were calculated. Obtained results showed that there are significant differences between treated and untreated samples, where treated samples had less volume of water absorption and volumetric swelling.