The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of training the strategies of mental imagery, think-aloud, written representation and motor representation on the performance of the fifth grade male elementary students in solving verbal math problems. For this purpose, using random cluster sampling, two elementary male schools were selected from the third educational district in Isfahan. Each of these elementary schools had two fifth grade classes (n = 108). 75 students were randomly divided into five fifteen-member groups consisted of mental imagery group, think-aloud group, written representation group, motor representation group and control group. All the students of five groups were given a pretest consisted of 12 verbal math problems and Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). No significant difference was observed between the mean scores gained by the students of five groups on the pretest and Raven's intelligence test. Each of the experimental groups received 10 forty five-minute training sessions. The control group received no instruction. After completion of training sessions, all of the students took the verbal math problems posttest, which was parallel with the pretest. The one- way analysis of variance on the differences among the student's scores on the pretest and the posttest showed significant differences of the groups. Tukey follow-up test was used to compare the paired group means. The students of written representation group and mental imagery group showed better performance on the posttest in comparison with the control group. The results indicated that written representation and mental imagery methods have a positive impact on the students’ performance in verbal math problem solving.

compulsory acquisition ofland byexecutive bodies for public interest is permitted bypayment of compensation and observance of the lawIn order to do solaw must giveopportunity to object to theprocess ofacquisition and maintain the right to compensation toindividuals whoseproperty rights are affected by related actions.Due tocharacteristics of speed, low cost, and expertise in examination,quasi-judicial authorities havecreated a suitable solution in this fieldIn this article with an analytical-comparative approach inIranian andBritish law we seek to answer questions what is theposition of quasi-judicial authorities in the acquisition process?And by what principles are therights of owners and persons affected by ownership protected inthese authorities?In Britishbefore approving the order of compulsory acquisition by Minister related to acquisitionhe proceeds toexamine objections through two way;written representations, public local inquiry.LandTribunal determines compensation under standard procedure;simplified procedure;special procedure;written representations procedure.In both ways,the right holders are informed about provisions of the administrative authority's decision,the principles of natural justicehearing of the statements and reasons ofparties,the documented and reasoned decisions,and theability to appeal is recognized.in Iranian law, thecorresponding rules on the objection to theprocess of acquisition are not provided for in the quasi-judicial authority, and at thesame time there are shortcomings indetermination of compensation expert board.Therefore, suggestions have been made to amend thelaws

This work examines different types of ‘silence’ as meaningful absence, which leaves a trace in its empty place. This trace as a marker of silence is introduced in various forms. The study of meaningful silence in the literature as discourse shows that this marked silence is present in any text by some discursive indicators. A text expresses part of its message by using words and part of it by making use of silence. As a matter of fact, silence has an interactive role and it is also employed as a narrative technique the in literature to produce a plot. This study explored the functions of written silence in fiction. The question addressed in this study was ‘In which themes and for what discursive functions is the the written silence represented in narrative?’ In fact, the study views written representations of silence as those that cannot be mentioned or are not said intentionally, indeed what is absent in a text for some reasons that leads to a number of different styles of story writing through using silence. The study delineates and analyzes this kind of silence in five Iranian short fictions in terms of three themes: structural, semantic and pragmatic. Consequently, these themes will be deliberated in three syntagmatic, paradigmatic and comitative axes due to constructing Complication, Denouement, Suspense, Atmosphere and Setting by using silence. Structural silence is divided into ellipse and cataphora. Semantic silence consists of metaphor and metonymy. Pragmatic silence, on the other hand, consists of presupposition and implication. Each of these has its specific function in fiction.

Speech representation is one of the most important tools which is used by writers in writing narrative texts and specifically stories. Although direct and indirect speech, which are two speech representation categories, are familiar names in Persian language, speech representation has been neglected in Persian language. This article investigates and compares different speech representation categories used in Persian stories written before translation movement in Qajar era and stories written after this movement and assesses the frequency, functional and linguistic characteristics of each category. For this purpose, the Semino and Short’s model of speech representation (2004) which is based on Leech and Short’s model (1990) is used. The research data is elicited from 7 stories written before translation movement and other 7 stories written after this movement in equal volumes. Finally, we conclude that (free) direct speech is the most frequent category in the stories written before and after translation movement and this is because of the nature of this category in producing the effects of dramatization and vividness. Also, the high frequency of (free) direct speech in recent stories can be related to the key role of characters’ individuality in modern novels. Moreover, the use of (free) direct speech and narrator’s representation of speech acts as the speech representation categories have decreased during the time but the use of indirect speech and specifically free indirect speech have increased.

This Paper discusses the representation of social matters in Kurdish literature. Kurdish literature is a vast body of oral and written texts in prose and verse. The theoretical basis of this study is a combination of theoretical discussions on representation and various concept discussed in sociology. The methodology is descriptive library research using sampling. The samples are six literary works chosen from oral and written literatures. The results show that society and social matters find frequent representation in both oral and written literature so that, Kurdish literature is a good source for reconstructing and rereading Kurdish history.

Typographical and pictorial representations are the two main components of a graphic work of art. Generally, attention is primarily paid to the plastic art aspect of pictorial representation. However, the visual aspect of typography invariably imposes a visual design common between the written form and the pictorial representation. Since Farsi writing is founded upon the bases of plastic arts, any alteration of the structure of writing will damage the plastic art dimensions. Therefore, recognizing various line structures and their directionalities are important requirements for understanding the plastic art aspect of writing, especially in written Farsi. Proper knowledge of these rules plays an important role in discovering and shaping standards for the graphics of Farsi fonts and prevents a potential disparity between the written and its graphic form. This essay examines the singular (disjoint) characters in written Farsi and the Roman characters, and explores the differences in the appearance of Farsi characters between their joint and disjoint forms. The study of appearance and line structures of Farsi Words leads to the conclusion that knowledge of the line structures in characters and their general shapes play a fundamental role in establishing the visual impact of the written Farsi. In this study, the meaning conveyed through line structures in printed Farsi characters are considered from two perspectives: Variety of line types in structures of characters – for instance the dominant line structure in letter “ع" is the curved line. Variety of line structures in the formation of fonts – for instance in KOUDAK font, the dominant movements are with curved lines. Through an examination of various writing styles, their application in Farsi font settings, and their strong visual impact, it is concluded that these elements have a distinct impact on the communication of meaning and feeling to the viewer.

The aim of the authors is a comparative study and representation of the character of teachers in villages in the works of urban and rural writers. In most of the stories there is a positive approach towards teachers especially those who endure the discomfort of teaching in retired villages. But since the late 1960s / 1340s stories have been written that teachers had negative character. The aim of this research is to analyze the characterization of teachers in stories related to villages and the reason for writing stories with a negative view towards teachers during that juncture. The hypothesis is that this dual representation is influenced by the difference in the homeland and origin of writers. By reviewing stories and the life of their writers one can identify the characteristic of two urban and rural discourses and find the reason for the emergence of each of these dual representations. 34 stories have been studied in this research which has teacher character.

In this essay¡ we study transformation of linguistic representation of religion in thetexts of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. This research attempts to reveal what political events trigger the linguistic representation of religion by Shah and how these representations are used to foreground favorite concepts and background those which are not favorable. Thus¡ all spoken and written texts produced by Shah is studied. The results indicate that religion is not represented the same by Shah. Having studied the data¡ we reach to five historical periods which show the best the transformation of linguistic representation in the texts of Shah. These five periods respectively are: first period¡ religion for unity (1320-1332)¡ second period¡ 28 Mordad coup (1332-1334)¡ third period¡ Cento treatment (1334-1341)¡ fourth period¡ white revolution (1341-1348) and fifth period¡ Palestine issue (1348-1357). Among these periods¡ the most highlighted linguistic representation of religion belongs to the fourth period¡ i.e. white revolution.

Recently, network representation has attracted many research works mostly concentrating on representing of nodes in a dense low-dimensional vector. There exist some network embedding methods focusing only on the node structure and some others considering the content information within the nodes. In this paper, we propose HDNR; a hybrid deep network representation model, which uses a triplet deep neural network architecture that considers both the node structure and content information for network representation. In addition, the author's writing style is also considered as a significant feature in the node content information. Inspired by the application of deep learning in natural language processing, our model utilizes a deep random walk method to exploit inter-node structures and two deep sequence prediction methods to extract nodes' content information. The embedding vectors generated in this manner were shown to have the ability of boosting each other for learning optimal node representation, detecting more informative features and ultimately a better community detection. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this model for network representation compared to other baseline methods.