نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1394)

Regional and international security policy is an outcome of the distribution of power between the major actors within the global community. The structural formations reflect the power in security alliances. In the last years of the Cold War, the conditions were ideal for NATO's strategy to reinforce mobility in the peripheral regions. As the structural crisis in the late 1980s intensified, the North Atlantic Treaty fell into a new situation in 1989. From this juncture onwards, the NATO's security and geopolitical mobility expanded. The first sign of NATO's strategic mobility surfaced during the years after the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the collapse of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. The Berlin Wall was the symbol of the Cold War within the context of international politics. Following this event, the ground was adequately set for organizational and functional evolutions in the NATO alliance. The most crucial issue concerning the NATO's member nations could be the change in regional challenges and emergence of new functions throughout the NATO's organizational activities. Any change in the structural formations could inevitably pave the way for transformation in the nature and function of the North Atlantic Treaty. In the post-Cold War years, the conditions were ripe for the emergence of regional crises and the centrifugal actors to play a role. This trend was dubbed by James Rosenau as security in a turbulent era. As such, the NATO's security policy intended to deal with threats of the transition period. The main feature of NATO's security policy must be intensified mobility and encounter with peripheral threats. Periphery within the geopolitical approach is defined and explained based on the perspective of Nicholas Spikeman. The entire regions across the marginal land regarded as the main focus of security crises can be seen as a symbol of the periphery. This paper attempted to provide an answer to the main question highlighting the foundation of NATO's security policy and its geopolitical/strategic signs. The hypothesis of this paper argued that NATO's security policy would revolve around "crisis management and control of a turbulent environment". Moreover, this paper adopted the explanatory "neoliberal functionalist approach", under which the NATO’s geopolitical mobility concentrates on the management of regional crises and building alliances with new marginal actors.

In two recent decades that Iran has been in the spotlight internationally, the diplomatic apparatus has always been caught with cognitive annoying and maybe deterrent mistakes. Activists of diplomatic apparatus have been neglecting the fact that without recognition of international changes, they are passively inactive. This is due to ignorance of the issue that there are standards governing the global policy and without knowledge of international rules and its evolutions, making decisions in foreign policy is challenged. In Shahrivar 1320 the world powers, Britain and the former Soviet Union, by coalition occupied Iran in a short time. Similarly during the coup of 28th of Mordad 1332, two world powers, USA and England, associated which led Iran’s political structure to collide. Since the present study assumes the role of decision makers of the country as the main factor of world powers coalition in two periods of time, tries to answer this question that which factor has the main role in formation of world powers coalition and how the diplomatic apparatus got in the trouble of
the aforesaid coalition? Our hypothesis is activists’ cognitive mistakes and the actions of the political elite and also lack of strategy in foreign affairs caused world powers coalition and therefore failure of diplomatic apparatus. Thus the present article studies cognitive mistakes of diplomatic apparatus in protection of national interests and territorial integrity.

Hans Kelsen, the theorist and founder of the Vienna School who is well-known as “Einstein of Law”, is a notable lawyer who has a distinctive and exceptional character, and his views have been really effective on the process of developing international law debates. As a realist positivist, he has presented the pure theory of law and Monism which have been referred by other international lawyers for many years. One of the novel issues addressed by him is “the theory of international peace through law” and some parts of which have been affected by Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace”; but has been harmonized by means of some novelties in a specific form, with other theories of this Austrian-American scholar. It Is the author's opinion that Kelsen's internationalism and pacifism brought about an Important turning-point In the theory of international law and anticipated by 50 years many of the issues that the international community are today discussing: in particular, individuals as subjects of international law (and not only states) and the use of international criminal tribunals for the punishment of those responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The author argues that there is some doubt whether Kelsen's theoretical and political goals. Finally, analysis and reviewing these theories clarify his providence and leadership in the international law debates.

The concept of peace has gone through a fundamental change in the light of theoretical developments in international relations. This concept or social construct, from a non-main stream international relations theories such as critical theory, is capable of being studied in the Iranian-Islamic context. Peace is one of the oldest human desires and it has been exposed to threat and danger more than any other values. Thus, the foremost and important objective in international relations is to maintain peace. In addition, this concept has a significant status in the native theoretical elements. The Iranian-Islamic trend could be one of the native perspectives. The basic aim of this research work is to offer a theoretical framework for studying peace. This paper also argues that the examination of the development of this concept in the Western international relations theories is towards the Iranian-Islamic studies. Therefore, the scrutiny of the conceptual evolution of peace on the social construct, in the constructivist perspectives and the stream of critical theory of international relations and ultimately in Iranian-Islamic study are among the important issues of paper.

This paper is an attempt to study the impact of conceptual development of security from realistic and state-based to human-based views and its impact on the Organization of African Unity that how it changes into African Union. Though, it is hard to separate one factor in this organizational development, yet this paper is to analyze a framework of this organizational development in line with the development in the concept of the security and the organs made by the new organization to operationalize the human security. In fact, while the perspectives of the Organization of African Unity and African Union about security are studied, the procedures of this organizational development and its reasons will be examined too. Finally, those organs that African Union has planned for operationalization of its security view will be analyzed. The results of this research show that the discussion on the security concentration, the preservation of the human security and the promotion of human welfare which have appeared in security discourses at the middle of 1990s and formed the security perspective of African Union, is the most important aspect that caused the replacement of the Organization of African Unity with African Union. Therefore, this organization has accordingly designed some organs in order to operationalize its goals. The research method is descriptive–analytical.

After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union an issue were clear to everyone and that is security not Summarized only to military dimension. In here scientists paid to redefine of security and its dimensions. One of the security dimensions in new form related to environmental topics. Environment has branches and various dimensions including soil, forest, and air and so on. Including this dimensions that will be named as the modern problem of humanity and underlie of future wars is water Resources. However, the issue of water and its importance is clear enough and not in place of the discussion, but the basic problem is that at the present time, due to rapid population growth and the needs of the population to freshwater resources, agricultural growth to provide the needs of this population, the phenomenon of urbanization, as well as improper management of water resources, Tells us you should try to provide a suitable model to protect this vital material for optimum life of the current generation and keep it in order to be transferred to the next generation .The water crisis in the world today that is whatever reason has a feature and that water is not merely an economic good to resolving the daily needs and can take form of security, Causes impact on communities provides made, in the region level will lead to chaos and ultimately war and in globally level the cause of death and provides many more.

Today, most theorists believe that political boundaries have changed the geopolitical world have been used and can not get in front of many threats. Terrorism as asymmetric warfare state is faced with many challenges and the role of counterterrorism and consequence mitigation options that are of interest to both public and private policymakers. Changes in urban structures to reduce the impact and consequences of military operations has an important role in defense planning and Terrorism as well as the potential of unconventional operations, policies tailored to the type and shape of their demands. The range encompasses a very broad cyber threats. It can be a simple hack to assess issues related to cyber terrorism. Websites and disruptive cyber terrorism targeting the facility is connected to the virtual network that Public and private governance and security structures that could disrupt the direct and indirect threat to the security of citizens. Since the Islamic Revolution and the emergence of new technologies, with software and hardware potential and actual threats have been facing, in recent years, the target site and network installations such as nuclear power stations and Centers and government cyber threats emerging in this area is indicated. This article intends analytical-descriptive and aimed to investigate the threats on network structures of urban areas and vital installations, the impact of the implementation of cyber defense to prevent and mitigate the consequences of such operations in Iran.