فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1395)

One of the most important needs in farm planning is the evaluation of different systems of plant nutrition. By supplying the correct way of plant nutrition you can preserve the environment and increase efficiency of agricultural inputs. In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of organic fertilizers and micronutrients on some characteristics of neger, a field experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Shahrekord University in 2013-2014. Treatments consisted of control, three levels of humic acid (1, 3, and 6 liters/ha of humic acid, iron (4 per thousand), and zinc (4 per thousand). In this experiment traits like plant height, stem diameter, stem branch number, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, and percent and oil yield were evaluated. The results showed that foliar application of these materials resulted in significant increase in the traits under study. Oil yield increased by 63 and 53 percent with the use of 6 liters humic acid and zinc respectively, as compared to the use of 1 liter per hectare. This may be the outcome of increased in oil yield and protein content. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of protein observed for tratment of 6 liters per hectare. The highest response of traits firstly obtained by use of 6 liters per hectare humic acid and then from spraying plants with the zinc which shows its limited absorption and/or probably the lack of this element in the soil where the experiment was conducted.

Domestication, cultivation and mass production of shallot to prevent the loss of its genetic resources are of particular importance. This study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications to evaluate the effects of different levels of phosphorus fertilizer and planting densities on medicinal and industrial plants of shallots at the Agricultural Research Station of Higher Education Complex of Shirvan. Treatments of this study were plant densities at tree levels (20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter) and phosphorus applications (superphosphate) at four levels (0, 150, 250 and 350 kg.ha-1). The results showed that phosphorus, plant density and the interactions between them significantly affected growth parameters such as leaf area index, leaf area ratio, crop growth, relative growth, and net assimilation rates as compared to controls. According to these results, it can be concluded that this plant reacts positively to the phosphorus fertilization.

Incorporation of winter legume crops in rotation with rice and using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can be a proper alternative approach in increasing sustainable crop production in rice fields. A split factorial field experiment using randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Mazandaran province, Iran, in 2014 to evaluate the effects of previous crop, Azospirillum lipoferum inoculation, and N rate on growth and seed yield of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Shiroudi). Main plots were consisted of previous crop [berseem clover, faba bean, and control (fallow)] and subplots of Azospirillum lipoferum (Inoculated and Un-inoculated) and recommended rate of N applications (50, 75, and 100 kg.ha-1). Analysis of variance showed that rice paddy yield was significantly affected by previous crop, Azospirillum lipoferum and N rate. Result also showed that rice paddy yield was increased only by 3% when rice was planted after berseem clover as it compared with rice plant after fallow. However, rice paddy yield was significantly reduced by 16% when it was planted after faba bean as compared to that it was planted after fallow. Rice paddy yield was significantly increased by 14% after Azospirillum lipoferum inoculation. Rice paddy yield was significantly increased by 11% when N application increased from 50 to 75 kg N ha-1, and further N application (100 kg N ha-1) did not affect paddy yield significantly. Based on the result of this experiment, planting rice after berseem clover, Azospirillum lipoferum inoculation and application of kg N ha-1 of recommended rates can be used to obtain highest paddy yield in the experimental site.

To evaluation the effect of manure, compost and vormicompost on yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum), a pot experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications in Zabol, Sistan, in 2013. Bio fertilizer treatments consisted of seven levels: F1= control (no fertilizer), F2= 20% vormicompost, F3= 40% vormicompost, F4= 20% compost, F5= 40% compost, F6= 20% manure and F7= 40% manure. Traits measured were plant high, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, dry weight, essence content and yield. The results showed that the use of bio fertilizer significantly improved the quantity and quality basil characters. Treatments had a significant effect on most of the measured traits and increased all of the traits as compared to thos of control. Thus, with the exceotion of 1000 grain weight, highest amounts were obtained for plant height, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, dry weight, essence content and essence yield by using 40% vormicompost and lowest to those of control treatment. Our results also showed that increasing vermicompost, compost and manure from 20% to 40% increased plant height, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, dry matter and essence percent. Generally, the use of organic fertilizers, as compared with not using them, produced optimum quality and quantity of basil. As a whole, it can be said that using bio fertilizers may help to achieve sustainable agriculture goals.

Deficiency of micro-nutrients in human diet may cause health problems. To increase the amount of these elements in the edible parts of the plants would eliminate the incidence of these health problems. Thus, the effects of iron and zinc on seed yield and morphological characteristics of mycorrhized barley (cv. Bahman) root was studied in Karaj, Iran, during growing season of 2013-14. It was carried out in afactorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted two levels of mycorrhiza, non-inoculation (M0) and inoculation with 10 kg/ha of Glomus intraradices (M1), and three levels of iron from Fe-EDDHA (Sequestrene138) as control (F0), 2.5 kg/ha (F1) and 5kg/ha (F2) and three levels of zinc as zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) as control (Z0), 25 kg/ha (Z1) and 50 kg/ha (Z2). The results showed that application of mycorrhiza increased parameters like total root length (TRL), root length density (RLD), specific root length (SLR), root colonization percentage and grain yield by 900.6 cm, 0.52 cm/cm3, 1738.1 cm/g, 5.41% and 1ton/ha respectively. Mean comparisons also revealed that using iron, mycorrhiza and without Zn application increased levels of root dry weight (RDW) by 2.81 g.

To evaluate the effects of manure, chemical fertilizers and their combined uses on yield and some physiological parameters of tomato varieties, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Faculty of the University of Birjand in 2014. In this experiment fertilizer with 3 levels (manure, chemical fertilizer and their combined uses) asseigned to main plots and three tomato varieties (Orbana, Super chief and Super majar) to sub plots. Physiological parameters under study were LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR which measured every 10 days after the seedling establishment. The results showed significant effects of fertilizer and varieties on these parameters. The highest leaf area index (3.56) was obtained by the used of chemical fertilizers and the lowest (3) by the application of manure. Orbana possessed the highest LAI (4) and Super chief the lowest LAI (2.78). In this experiment, the highest crop growth rate (CGR) belonged to Orbana by the use of combined application of fertilizers and the lowest to Super Chief by the use of manure. Plants treated with chemical fertilizer had the highest relative growth rate (RGR) and those treated with their combined application and manure stood in the lower categories. The highest total tomato yield was related to the use of chemical fertilizer and the lowest to the use of combined fertilizers. The results of this experiment can be used to emphasize the role of organic fertilizers to produce highest tomato yield, both in quantity and quality, in this region and other similar regions in the country.

In recent decades, using chemical fertilizers has resulted in increasing the yields of crop plants. However, it has been found that their use in the longrun has damaging effects on both environment and crop yields. Therefore, investigations of using organic fertilizers, instead of chemical fertilizers, have been emphesised. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen bio-fertilizers (Nitrokara, Nitroxin, combination of Nitrokara Nitroxin and control) and phosphate bio-fertilizers (phosphorus fertilized 2, Biophosphorus, combination of phosphorous fertilized 2 Biophosphorus and control) on agronomic and physiological traits of barley. The results of the study showed that the use of biological phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers significantly affected plant height, whole plant dry weight, number of tillers and spikelets/m2, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, number of seeds per a plant, the leaf area index and the leaf chlorophyll index. Based on these results it seems that using Nitrokara, Nitroxin and the combination of Nitrokara Nitroxin increased grain yield by 100, 86, and 110% respectively. It was also revealed that highest increase in grain yield belonged to biophosphorus as compared to other phosphorus treatments. This treatment increased the grain yield by 50 percent.

To evaluate the effects of spraying potassium nano-particles on the osmolytes, photosynthetic pigments, total carotenoids and nutrients of aerial parts of common glasswort (Salicornia europaea L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the marginal lands of Lake Urmia in 2012. The treatments consisted of application of potassium nano-particle concentrations at five levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/l of K nano-particles) applied, once, twice and three times. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant interaction between the levels and concentrations of potassium nano-particles sprayings on aerial parts with respect to their contents proline, total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids (xanthophyll and carotene) and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sodium). The highest levels of proline (1.84 mg/g dry weight) at one time spraying 4 g/l of K, total soluble carbohydrates (66.9 mg/g dry weight) at three times spraying 4 g/l, total chlorophyll (26.23 mg/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b (22.85 mg/g fresh weight) at two times of water spraying, and chlorophyll a (9.93 mg/g fresh weight) at three times of 4g/l of potassium nano-particles sprayings were obtained. The highest nitrogen (0.95 % of aerial parts) and phosphorus (2.99 g/kg dry weight of aerial parts) contents were obtained from three times water spraying. However, the highest amounts of aerial plant part of potassium (65.08 g/kg dry weight) and sodium (403 g/kg dry weight) belonged to the two times, and calcium (29.23 g/kg dry weight) to the three times spraying of 4 g/l nano-potassium. Despite of the high concentration of osmolytes by potassium spraying, the nutrient accumulations levels were not significantly different from each other.

Lallemantia iberica is an annual, herbaceous and drought tolerant plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, which is cultivated for its seeds. Diversity of 12 dragons head landraces were studied for phenotypic and genotypic variations using agro-morphological traits and some drought tolerance indices. Field study was conducted in the spring of 2013 as a randomized complete block design with three replicates in Maragheh. Results of analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference among the studied landraces for all agro-morphological traits under study between the experimental sites. Combined analysis for grain yield showed that there were significant differences between the experimental sites. The average grain yields were in the range of 730 to 1380 kg.ha-1 under complementary irrigated condition and from 360 to 680 kg.ha-1 under rainfed conditions. Kalibar and Nazarlo landraces for all parameters were highly drought tolerant. Cluster analysis grouped these populations into three distinct clusters. The results also indicated that plant height and days to flowering under complementary irrigation and main branches under rainfed conditions exhibited highest correlations with seed yields.

The present study was conducted in the agricultural research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, to investigate genetic variation of some bread wheat genotypes for some morpho-physiological traits under separate environmental conditions (drought stress and without drought stress). Results from analysis of variance showed that the interaction of “irrigation levels × genotypes” on traits like plant height, infertile tillers number, spike length, peduncle to plant height ratio, spike number per m2 and grain yield were significant. Genotype No. 35 (4057) produced the highest (6.3 ton/ha) grain yield. Linear multivariable regression revealed that traits such as grain numbers per spike, node number and spike weight accounted for about 58% of overall mean yield among the genotypes under terminal drought stress condition. Node number had the highest direct effect (0.438) on grain yield. The results, also, showed that the direct effect of grain number per spike on yield was positive (0.135) while spike weight on yield was negative (-0.345). Direct effect of node number on yield by spike weight was higher than indirect effect of spike weight by node number. Based on the factor analysis, 75.80% of total variations were explained by 6 factors. The first up to the sixth factors accounted for 21.32, 18.13, 9.72, 9.62, 9.4 and 7.6% of the total variations respectively. Furthermore, cluster analysis, based on Ward method and by using Euclidian squared distance, classified the genotypes into five groups. Results from this study suggest that traits such as grain number per spike, node number and spike weight can be used as a selection criteria in breeding programs for higher grain yield of bread wheat in the regions where plants may be subject to terminal drought stress.

To study the effects of seedling age and seeding rate in nursery on some quantitative traits of rice, a field experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Amol during the 2012 growing season. Seedling ages with three levels (20, 30 and 40 days old) were considered as main plots and seeding rates with four levels (10, 30, 50 and 70 kg.ha-1) as sub-plots. Results showed that the effect of seedling age on panicle length, total tiller number and fertile tillers per hill, percent of furtile and unfurtile florets and harvest index and seeding rates on seed yield were significant. The interaction effects of experimental treatments on plant height, stem and panicle lengths, number of furtile and unfurtile florets and harvest index were also significant. Increasing seedling age from 20 to 40 days, decreased the total tiller number per hill, number of fertile tillers, percent of furtile florets and harvest index, while, they increased panicle length and number of unfilled florets. The highest seed yield (3033 kg.ha-1) was obtained by seeding rate of 30 kg.ha-1. Increasing seeding rates beyond 30 kg.ha-1, decreased the seed yield by 15% (2567 kg.ha-1). Therefore, using 20 days old seedlings and seeding rate of 30 kg.ha-1 in the nursery plots can be recommended to the Tarom Hashemi cultivar to the experimental site.

To evaluate the effects of some morphologic and physiologic traits on seed yield of 15 winter wheat genotypes and landraces an experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz branch in 2012-2013. Analysis of variance showed that traits like plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of kernel spike, spike density, number of unfertile tiller, 1000 kernel weight, seed yield, harvest index, biological yield and relative water content of flag leaf were significant It was also indicated that kernel no. per spike, spike density, fertile tiller no., 1000 kernel weight, harvest index and biological yield were positively correlated with seed yields. Results of path analysis also showed that the direct effect of harvest index and relative water content of flag leaf on grain yield were positive but the direct effect of spike length on grain yield was negative. Cluster analysis of WARD method, divided genotypes into two groups. The results also specified that genotypes 7, 4 and 13 were higher seed yielder than other genotypes.

This experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications during 2013-2014 at the Research and Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University in Ahvaz, Iran. The main plots consisted of three cultivars of barley (Jonoob, Nimrooz, and Zahak) and subplots of plant density with four levels (250, 300, 350, and 400 seeds/m2). Results showed that increasing seed density increased leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and decreased net assimilation rate (NAR) in all of the cultivars under study. The Jonoob cultivar had the highest (LAI), (CGR), and (NAR). The differences among cultivars in number of spikes/m2, seed number per spike, length of spike and seed yield were significant at %1 and harvest index at the 5% levels of probabilities. The effects of seeding rates on spike length, spike number, seed number per spike, seed yield and stem length were significantly at 1% and, biological yield and harvest index at 5% levels of probabilities. The highest seed yield was produced by Jonoob cultivar by using 350 seeds/m2 (5,561 kg/ha), The Maximum harvest index was obtained in Jonoob cultivar at the rate 350 seeds/m2 (40%). The results showed that the Jonoob cultivar, because of higher physiological indices and yield components (spike length, seed weight and number of grains per spike) and seeding density of 350 and 400 seeds/m2 by increasing number of spikes/m2, produced higher yield.

To study the root structure and its morphological characteristics of winter and durum wheat cultivars, an experiment was carried out based on randomized completely design with four replications at faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University during 2013-2014. Experimental treatments consisted of six bread wheat cultivars (Sardari, Keras Sabalan, Nestor, Pistaz, Bahar and S83-3), four durum wheat cultivars (Karkheh, Dena, Sora and Saji). Traits under study were seminal roots, nodal roots, sub-nodal roots, number of total roots, seminal roots length, nodal and sub-nodal roots, total root lengths, root dry weight, root volume and root to shoot ratio. The results showed significant differences for root structure of bread wheat cultivars (Sardari, Keras Sabalan and Nestor). They had stronger root system than the other bread wheat cultivars.It was also found that Saji from durum and Sabalan cross from bread wheat cultivars had the highest number of total roots (seminal, nodal and sub-nodal roots), root length total (seminal, nodal and sub-nodal roots), root volume and root/shoot ratio as compared with the other cultivars under study. Orthogonal contrast for three groups of genotypes indicated that in terms of number and length of nodal roots, bread wheat cultivars showed higher values as compared to durum wheat cultivars.

To study allelopatic effect of sweet bay essence concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) on germination and early establishment of velvetleaf and field bindweed an experiment was conducted at Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran, during 2013. Results indicated that germination percentage of non-treated seeds was 73.3%, and that of treated seeds 64.7%. Plant height at 400 ppm concentration was shorter than other treatments. Mean leaf area per plant of weeds ranged from 13.5 cm2 in control up to 9.7 cm2 in 300 ppm and 400 ppm concertrations. Dry weight per weed plant of the seeds treated with 300 and 400 ppm concentrations was twice lower than of untreated seeds. Vigor index of seedling from seeds treated with 100 and 200 ppm essence and control were 1.5, 1.5 and 2.6 times higher than those treated with 300-400 ppm, respectively. Regression analysis showed that germination percentage, leaf area and dry weight per plant did have higher effect on seedling vigor index. It can be concluded that essential oil of sweet-bay may have potential in controlling weeds, especially in the higher concentrations. Therefor, it could be used in the synthesis of bioherbicides compounds to control weeds.

To study the effects of proline and temperature on the rates of antioxidant enzymes and germination index, a factorial laboratory experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted with three replications at the Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2014. Treatments cinsisted of three levels of proline (0, 5 and 10 mM) and different temperature regimes (15, 25 and 35°C). Results showed that proline significantly increased germination index, rates of antioxidant enzymes, proline, protein and mobility of food reserves. Exogenous application of proline increased assimilates in the seedlings. However, proline synthesis was decreased at temrature regimes of 15 and35°C as compared to 25 °C. Peroxidase enzyme rate at 25°C was lowere than of 15 and 35 °C and addition of proline increased levels of enzymes at these temperature regemes. Application of 10 mM proline at 25 °C showed the highest activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase rates. However, rates of these enzymes at 15 and 35°C decreased as compared with that of 25°C. The length of radicle increased at all temperatures regemes and the length of plumule increased by proline, but reduced at temperatures of 15 and 35°C. According to the positive effects of proline on food reserves and seed vigor index, speed and rate of germination, proline, protein and antioxidant enzymes contents of seedlings, it seems that pretreatment of seeds with proline is an appropriate method for better seed germination attributs under these temperatures regemes.

To evaluate the effects different levels of phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 and vermi compost on yield and yield components of vetch plant (Vigna radiata L.)in Yasouj a factorial experiments was performed in completely randomized design in crop year of 2013. Experimental treatments were phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 at 3 levels (0, 50, 100 gram per hectare) and vermicompost at 4 levels (0, 10, 20, 30 ton per hectare). In this study stem height, root length, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index was measured. ANOVA and comparison of means showed that vermicompost significantly increased stem height, economic and biological yields. Results, also, indicated that highest yield and biomass, 4.3 and 18.8 g/plant, observed respectively when 100 g/ha of barvar-2 and 30 t/ha of vermi compost were used. Using both of phosphate biofertilizer barvar-2 and vermicompost was better than their individnal usage. This indicates that combined use of these 2 factors would produce higher yield. It can be concluded that application of 100 g/ha of barvar-2 and 30 t/ha of vermicompost would a proper recommendation.