International Journal of Cardiovascular Practice
Volume:1 Issue: 2, Aug 2016

Venous obstruction is relatively frequentfollowing permanent pacemaker orimplantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD)implantation. However, most of them are asymptomatic. Although the exact risk factor for this complication isnot known, number of leads, heart failure and infection may prone the patient to this complication. The goal standard for detection of vein stenosis is venography; however, ultrasound sonography has an acceptable accuracy. Anticoagulant therapy may be considered for symptomatic patients. For device upgrading, non-functional leads removal, venoplasty and rarely surgical treatment may be indicated.

The history of atherosclerotic disease among second degree family members of patients as a risk factor has not been properly explained. The present study aimed to assess this role in the Iranian population.
This case-control study was performed on 500 consecutive patients, who were candidates for coronary angiography. The presence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) history among first and second degree relatives were determined by interviewing the participants.
In total, 450 patients were shown to have CHD as the case group and 50 without CHD as the control group. Family history of CHD among first degree relatives was 39.1% for cases and 22.0% forthe controls with a significant difference (p = 0.018), however the history of CHD among second degree relatives was not statistically different in the case group and the control group (17.8% versus 8.0%, p = 0.079). In total, 80 patients had CHD with simultaneous history of disease among their second degree relatives, while 370 with CHD had no history of disease among their second degree relatives. Our study could not find a significant difference between the two CHD groups with and without history of disease among second degree relatives in terms of cardiovascular risk profile.
Despite the powerful effect of the presence of family history of CHD in first degree relatives on risk ofCHD and its severity, the presence of this history among second degree relatives cannot predict the risk for CHD.

Atrial septal defect(ASD) is a common congenital heart disease and causes left-to-right shunting and significant right ventricular (RV) volume overload.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of these hemodynamic changes on pulmonary venous flow pattern in young adults.
Complete echocardiographic examination was performed in a group of 40 young adults (agedAs opposed to healthy young individuals who showed distinct S and D waves with diastolic predominance in pulmonary vein Doppler, in patients with ASD a continuous flow with increased systolic peak that beganin systole and continued to the late diastole wasobserved. The RV systolic function increased compared to the control group.
In patients with ASD,the pattern of pulmonary veinsflow transforms into a single continuous antegrade wave with systolic dominance due topersistent shunting of left atrial blood in to right heart chambers as well as increased RV pump function on pulmonary vein(by means of ASD), SVC and IVC, and could be used as a screening method for the presence of secundum type ASDs in young adults.

Nocturnal hypoxia is an important factor in increasing the risk of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and is associated with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, QT dispersion (QTd) is used as a prognostic sign in determining future malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In the current study, we investigated the effect of nocturnal oxygen therapy (NOT) on electrocardiographic changes among patients with chronic heart failure.
Patients and In this study, a consecutive of 154 patients (87 males and 67 females) known with chronic heart failure (EF≤40%) were enrolled. The patients were administered NOT (oxygen flow of 2 L/min for 8 hours during sleeping). Electrocardiography was taken before and after the NOT, and RR interval, PR interval and QTd were measured each time.
The mean age of the participants was 61.3 ± 11.4 years. Our results revealed significant reduction in QTd (55.8 ± 7.5 vs. 61.4± 9.1 msec, P = 0.001) and heart rate (79.6 ± 4.7 vs. 76.8 ± 4.3, P = 0.001) in a patient’s electrocardiogram after NOT.
In this study, NOT decreased heart rate and QTd in patients with chronic heart failure, but not PR interval, which could consequently decrease the risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Background. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) has emerged as an important biomarker for developing the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, as several studies have shown that serum levels of NT-proBNP elevate in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery disease (CAD).We performed this study to find any possible correlation between serum levels of NT-proBNP and Gensini score in patients diagnosed withACS.
Patients and In a cross-sectional study, 100 consecutive patients with ACS who were candidates of angiography were recruited and their serum levels of NT-proBNP,Gensini scores, lipid profiles and troponin I levels were measured.
Sixty six male and 34 female patients with a mean age of 57.5 years,including 44 with unstable angina, 33 with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and 23 with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarctionwere enrolled. The mean serum NT-proBNP level and the Gensini score were1987.16 pg/mL (17.9-8841) and 31.09 (6-92.5), respectively. The serum NT-proBNP levels and Gensini scores were significantly correlated with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.953 (P NT-proBNP is directly correlated with Gensini score in patients with ACS and might be used as an important marker for risk stratification in those patients.

Atrial septal defect(ASD) is a common congenital heart disease and causes left-to-right shunting and significant right ventricular (RV) volume overload.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of these hemodynamic changes on pulmonary venous flow pattern in young adults.
Complete echocardiographic examination was performed in a group of 40 young adults (agedAs opposed to healthy young individuals who showed distinct S and D waves with diastolic predominance in pulmonary vein Doppler, in patients with ASD a continuous flow with increased systolic peak that beganin systole and continued to the late diastole wasobserved. The RV systolic function increased compared to the control group.
In patients with ASD,the pattern of pulmonary veinsflow transforms into a single continuous antegrade wave with systolic dominance due topersistent shunting of left atrial blood in to right heart chambers as well as increased RV pump function on pulmonary vein(by means of ASD), SVC and IVC, and could be used as a screening method for the presence of secundum type ASDs in young adults.

A 22-year-old pregnant woman referred with syncope due to pacemaker malfunction. During the second trimester of pregnancy, the right ventricular (RV) lead pacing threshold increased and led to early generator depletion. We believe that this might happen due to lead micro-dislodgement or less probably effect of hormonal changes during pregnancy on electrode-myocardium interface.