مجله ترویج و توسعه آبخیزداری
پیاپی 13 (تابستان 1395)

This study was done to investigate the effects of utilization types (private, collective and council properties) on soil properties in summer Plour rangelands in Mazandaran Province. The vegetation and topographical properties of three units of exploitation are as same as each other (same slope, aspectand altitude). Soil sampling was conducted on 0-30 cm depth of the soil sampled from 15 spot within each units of exploitation. Then soil texture, percentage of organic carbon, acidity, electrical conductivity, percentage of clay, sand, silt and absorbable potassium, absorbable magnesium, absorbable phosphorus were determined in laboratory. The data were analyzed through Duncan test by SPSS software. The results showed that, in sight of soil properties, unit of exploitation Bazam- Mozak with private property shows more desirable quantities from silt, clay, Mg and K. So, it could be say in region study private property is more desirable utilization type and management.

Nowadays, forest engineers design forest roads network by utilizing a variety methods of zoning, attempt to identify low-risk variants of forest roads as landslide, so reduce costs of roads maintenance. Because of association between landslides and routing forest roads, finding the appropriate method of landslide zoning that also have potential to use in different areas of the forest is one of the most important steps for the realization of an intelligent design by experts and forest engineers. The purpose of this study is to achieve an appropriate method for mapping landslide to design the best forest road network. There have been many different methods introduced for landslide hazard zonation in the world that are divided to three methods including statistical (e.g.,bivariate, multivariate, logistic regression, and information value model), heuristic or empirical (e.g., Stevenson, Nielsen and Brabb,Anbalagan, and Mora-Vahrson) and combinitation (e.g., artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic). Among statistical models”bivariate”, empirical “Mora-Vahrson”, and combination methods“artificial neural network” are most common. The results suggest that the use of statistical models are more capable and better than empirical models in the landslide risk zonation, although the combination models (e.g., artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic) have the highest accuracy and precision among other methods. If the number of available data is low, certainly combination methods can be more accurate than other models with the landslide hazard in the forest.

The country environmental and economic sustainability can be greatly influenced by soil quality. There are several ways proposed to assess the soil quality in order to apply appropriate management plans. However, the easy-to-use indicator-based methods have been less considered. To this end, the Visual Soil Assessment (VSA) method was developed to facilitate land managers to monitor soil quality in a simple and semi-quantitative way. The VSA is based on the simple observation of some key visual indicators representing soil quality and is a quick, a cost effective and an efficacious tool to assess and monitor the soil quality. The VSA is based on the soil physical and biological criteria and associated with an easy-to-use scorecard. The soil indicators are also supported by plant performance indicators linked to soil conditions. The visual indicators are underpinned by sound pedological principles and extensive researches, and are linked to economic performance and sustainability.

Today, water is one of the most cornerstones in the development of the world's countries. In the current conditions, water as a key issue in the development. This why, today the most governments interested to implementation of dams for water storage and avoid wasting it. A major issue that has received less attention dam builders to consequences of satisfaction of the residents of these projects. This study was analyzed of farmer's satisfaction on water supply projects in the Semirom County. The number of beneficiaries was 1,610 households using the Quocran formula specified number of 210 samples and the necessary data were obtained using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire confirmed by experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the relevant parts: economic (0.84), social (0.71) and ecological (0.75) respectively. The results or research showed that range of satisfaction in the economic dimension of implementation of dams has been made. The economic dimension of implementation of dams the dissatisfaction of the beneficiaries was to state management of water resources. The results or research showed that there was a high correlation between trust in the authorities and farmer's satisfaction to implementation of dams. The result of multiple regression analysis showed that the factors could be predicted 42% of the farmer's satisfactions to implementation of dams were: increase the dubai of subterranean 0.225, increase the crop diversification 0.208, water pollution index 0.206 and equitable allocation of water between farmers0.176.

Rivers are complex ecosystems that severely damaged, or even destroyed due to overexploitation and increasing population growth. Close relationship of rivers and human societies along with socio-economic developments have led to degradation and considerable changes in river ecosystems. However, providing critical goods and services, including drinking water, water purification, power generation, organic matter retention, nutrient recycling, recreational activities and habitat for many unique plants and animals have been impaired due to man-made disturbances. The assessment and measurement of river condition and health is one of the main preventing tools of water management organizations. Also, the concept of river health can be used as a tool to estimate the rate of environmental flows to quantifying quantity, timing, and quality of water flows essential to sustain freshwater and aquatic ecosystems and depending human livelihoods and well being. This study aims to explain the concept and importance of river health along with practical theoretic and practical methods as a new approach in planning and utilization of surface water resources. In this regard, different available defintions, frameworks and selected studies have been presented. Therefore, implementation of river health assessment can leads to achieve a flow regime, or pattern, that provides human uses and essential processes required to support healthy river ecosystems and management of water resources. According to the literature reviewe, river health assessment served as a complementary programme in watershed planning/management and regulation and adjustement of river flow regime to maintain riverine ecosystems.

Evapotranspiration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle and hydrological models for planning irrigation system water. In this study, the amount of evapotranspiration using the FAO Penman-Monteith for synoptic weather stations of Isfahan and Rasht that located in parts of central and northern Iran in the period 1970-2011. Some of the most important meteorological variables affecting it in the scales of seasonal and annual was calculated. In addition, changes were also analyzed and compared. For this purpose, non-parametric test of Mann-kendall and parametric test of regression was used. The results showed that the annual scale evapotranspiration changes in Rasht, and Isfahan stations had the significant increasing trend (5% level). At these station, the temperature increased and the minimum relative humidity decreased but of course was greater than other variables. In the seasonal scale both positive and negative trends have been observed. Isfahan Station evapotranspiration trends in other seasons except in winter is negative (5% level). Rasht Station evapotranspiration trends in other seasons except in spring was positive (5% level). Among the studied variables, seasonal and annual of number of sunshine hours was increased (level 5%). Maximum and minimum air temperature trend at both stations in the annual scale was increased (5% level). Comparing the results of the review process, potential evapotranspiration and temperature changes by both tests showed contradictory phenomena in the process of evaporation variables in Isfahan Station.

Watershed management operations are works in order to optimum using from drainage basin Sourcs or conservation and remediation of natural sources. If operation of this projects elevting from several aspect pf technical and engineering the production result maybe help us to find the reason of advantage and disadvantage of suggestive operation and showing us suitable solutions in the way of obviating them. In this paper to take necessary action of Watershed management activity as introduction of Gabion check-dam and break weir in drainage basin of upside of Berenjestanak dam (Mazandaran province), is something has studied .For researching about the effect of instructed check dams on scale of sediment control and becomes we don’t have information about Hydrometric station in quantitative method we used EPM tentative method .The result showed decrees of sediment after the operation. In addition, check dams can be control about 1.8% from Berenjestanak dam reservoir. After quality evaluation of watershed management model that administrated in zone on observation and complete instance table lists by supervisor, the last point of evaluation of this project is 79.5 that’s best function of this project. So the last result tell us observing problem of specially in introduction of corrected structures in zone decrease natural slope of waterway and changes. That to limited slope,entraps of sediment and decrease useful ago of Berenjestanak dam and also reduces the speed of runoff and finally decrease of erosion.