نشریه زمین شناسی محیط زیست
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1391)

Kopet-Dagh basin is located in north and northeast of Iran. Khangiran Formation is one of the most important formations of Paleogene deposits. For study of Khangiran Formation, Chehelkaman Syncline section was selected. This section located in southwest of Sarakhs city, east of Kopet-Dagh basin. Thickness of this section is 136 meters and lithology of this section composed alternation of olive green Marl and limy yellow Marl. In this research foraminifera fauna of Khangiran Formation was studied. The age of this section is Early-Middle Eocene, and planktonic foraminifera fauna of this section shows anomaly. Based on this anomaly, lack of Morozovellids, that are index fossils of Eocene, was observed. Eutrophic condition of this Formation as for the planktonic and benthonic foraminifera study is the reason of this subject that it's the result of changes in the paleoceanographic conditions such as situation of stratification of water column and nutrient changes. As far the Morozovellids cant accordance with eutrophic condition, lack of the species mans of this genus observed for Khangiran Formation. Khangiran Formation condition is comparable with Caucasus basin and this subject can be indicating of same condition of this two basin at least during the Eocene time.

The position of the oil-water contact (OWC) and improving the understanding of tilted OWC in fields, helping to explain risk analysis and development drilling. Oil-water contact has been defined in all wells of Civand (Sirri C) field utilizing petrophysical logs and confirmed using RFT data. Tilted oil-water contact has been established and presented in the field after provided isovalue map of OWC and using well correlation map in different direction. The oil-water contact has been tilted close to 0.5 degrees westward. Hydrodynamic flow and its direction was defined Based on calculated potentiometric surface in the studied wells and potentiometric and isosalinity maps. The results show that oil-water contact tilting has been associated to hydrodynamic flow in Sarvak (Mishrif) aquifer in east-west direction.

The Kuh Gabbri granitoide stocks stands out as the most extensively fractioned granite (Rb= 424-749, Sr= 8-37, Ba= 3-110 ppm) located in the Rafsanjan depression and Urumieh- Dokhtar belt. These granites show a strong enrichment in some rare metal contents such as Y, Yb, U, Ta, and Sc. The petrography and geochemistry reveal that these are classified as I- type per aluminous leucogranite, P- poor (P2O5= 0.01 0.03%) and Na2O- rich (3.1-4%).The Gabbri granites show chemical features convergent to A- type granite; these are explained by extensive fractional crystallization of a P-poor, I- type granite magma. These are located in the area of within plate granite and extensional area. The petrography and geochemistry show Gabbri granite are produced of melting continental crust.

Considering the economic importance of this region, for the first time some studies on superficial sediments (deposits) foraminifera were carried out in this region. Purpose of these studies was to investigate effect of environmental changes on foraminifera and to use them as bio-indices in diagnosis of contaminations. In the studies regarding foraminifera, 12 genus and14 species were identified and foraminifera with hyaline lime shell had the greatest frequency. The main identified collection is: Ammonia beccarii Linne.And the species accompanying this collection are: Amphistegina lessonii, Elphidiom crispum, Elphidiom craticulatum, Triloculina tricarinata, Quniqueloculina seminulum, Ammonia parkinsoniana, Eponides repandus, Dendritina ambigua After foraminifera with hyaline lime shell, foraminifera with selenosis progeny shell were ranked next in terms of frequency. However, foraminifera with agglutinated shell were not observed in this region. In general, the obtained results from mineralogy studies on deposits of the ebb and flow area is the evidence that major part of the sediments are related to continental environment of the detrital deposit type. In section ecological studies, water's physicochemical factors are measured. Based on these studies,increase of water's temperature and salinity results in decrease of solution oxygen in water and water's acidity degree. However, in general, water's acidity fluctuation is slight and insignificant. The most importantphysicochemical factor affecting development of foraminifera is amount of solution oxygen in water which controls their frequency and diversity. Precipitation of oil carbohydrates and other contaminators produced by petrochemical activities in the region ruins the bio-environment, reduces solution oxygen, and gives rise to release of heavy and toxic metals (mercury and lead) from solid state to liquid which leaves numerous negative effects on marine and environmental ecosystem.

Ghir-Karzin city is in the southeastern Fars province. In this research by using satellite images, length ongestion map, cross section, and number of lineation and map of the earthquakes focus in the region were prepared and then by obtaining indices of mountain’s Facet outcrop amount (in percentage), mountain’s facet meander (Smf), and length-stream index (SL) on the three anticlines Changal, Palang and Afzar, of tectonic activities rates of these anticlines have been investigated. The results obtained from these indices, in addition to being presented in the tables, for much better representation and analysis, have been shown as a numerical model and a profile aswell. . Combination of the obtained data from the map of fractures, indices’ numerical model, map of epicenters, and drainage profiles indicates that the region’s anticlines are active, i.e. uplifting rate in the region is higher than erosion rate. Finally, after study of the obtained results, the reason for high rate of tectonic activity in the easternsection of Changal anticline was found to be this anticline’s vergency towards south-west and increase of the fissure and fractures as a result of extensity in the northern top chord and pressure production in the southern topchord. In the western section of this anticline too, the high tectonic activity can be attributed to presence of the Darre siah Fault. High tectonic activity of Afzar anticline is due to presence of the active fault Ghir in north-east of this anticline and the anomaly map of the fractures and epicenters confirm these results as well.

Underground water resources of Ardabil plain is used for drinking, industry and agriculture activities in the study area. In order to water quality assessment of Ardabil plain wells to use in agricultural purposes water quality of 81 deep wells that are utilized for agricultural irrigation was evaluated. In this study electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate and total hardness were measured. Studied wells were classified based on the percentage of sodium, EC and sodium adsorption ratio. By means of Piper Diagram most of Ardabil Plain water is as carbonate type; in these wells are predominant sodium and potassium. Wilcox diagram showed that 45 % of samples(35 sample) are in middle-saline class, 43.5 % of samples(34 sample) in saline class, 11.5 % of samples(9 sample) in very saline class Overall, the risk of salinity is moderate to high and alkalinity risk is lower. These waters are relatively suitable for agricultural uses.

The objective of this article is introducing the sedimentation and precipitate potential of fresh water in guy bolagh region placed on the north west of Shahriar – Tehran. (Rainfall year 1390). This research is done by the descriptive method, part time period and use of RAYZNER and saturation parameter and SHULER diagram. In this study these parameters: (alkalinity, calcium hardness, electrical connectivity, temperature and PH) were analyzed. The results of experiments and calculations suggest it hand and average saturation index versus 0/54, and the average index rayzner against 13/7 is. Based on a standard table ministry of health figures indicate deposition and slightly corrosive drinking water wells in the village Guy Bolagh is based onresults and accomplishment ,the fresh water of this region is sedimental and a little corrosion that this factor is influenced by regions geology and continent features. So in the area of water quality parameters based on PH, alkalinity, hardness and … should be Occur. In this regard, use of corrosion resistant materials and pipes and consider using incendiary devices deposition.

In terms of water quantity and quality is the most important part of an ecosystem. Reduced both the quantity and quality of water in a large negative impact on ecosystems and biodiversity threaten leaving Natural food sources and effects on organisms and causes irreparable damage, Knowledge and information about water rights and the application of specific rules to regulate the management macro environment seems essential. Therefore, based on this study on the lake among the largest watershed of the country is carried out in terms of location geographically in northwestern Iran between East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan longitude 44 degrees 14 minutes to 47 degrees 53 minutes east and 35 degrees 40 minutes north latitude to 38 degrees and 30 minutes is locatedThe main reasons for studies on slow dry lake-level changes in temperature and precipitation in the region of 79-83 were studiedAnd consequently the rate of temperature change is not so drastic drop in water level can cause dry lakes and rainfall of 79-83 years of upward growthDuring the same period, but the water level of the lake has suffered a significant drop. Check water level fluctuations indicates that in 1346 the lowest level to the height of 1273/86 (m) free water level is reached, If the water level over the past thirteen years to1272/00 (m) about 6/20 mm reduced. In the present study, we believe that the gradual construction of 72 dams catchment basins with the average rate 4/5 billion cubic meters, the lake provides a huge change. Other factors, such as dam construction, the double-pass martyr station in front of the natural cycle of water under stirring the natural order of living plant material suspended in the water cycle, the water creates many changes in the ecosystem. The indiscriminate digging of the wells during the past seventeen years (91 74) of approximately 650 thousand to 336 thousand Ring has increased among the factors that makes it believe that responsible decisions in the coming years factors inland lake with a rejectUndoubtedly, completely separate the lake into northern and southern even completely dry lake will follow.