نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1396)

Introduction The most important human need is security, which is one of the most important factors in the quality of urban design and influences the presence of citizens in urban neighborhoods and, consequently, the vitality of neighborhoods. Several factors have a role in the emergence of crime, one of which is physical factors. Prevention through environmental design can be effective in improving the quality of life and increasing citizenship satisfaction. The selected approach in this research is the CPTED approach.
The worn-out area of Zeinabayeh area of Isfahan located in district 14 of the municipality with an area of 91.5 hectares is studied here. Based on the research carried out by the Police Station of Isfahan province in 2009, the highest frequency of crime (17.9%) is related to the 7th and 14th municipalities of Isfahan (Shahivandi, Soltani, & Ahmadi, 2009). Investigating the status and the amount of crime committed in Zeinabayeh range and the physical and social conditions governing it has doubled the importance of addressing the issue of security in the Zeinabayeh area of Isfahan. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the physical environment on preventing crime, increasing the sense of security of citizens, improving the quality of life, and increasing the satisfaction of residents in Zeinabayeh area of Isfahan.
Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. Theoretically, the data collection is conducted through reviewing the records of libraries and other information centers as well as documents. In collecting the physical data, the current status of the fieldwork dealt with using a questionnaire, and interviews to examine the characteristics of insecure environments and to measure the amount of physical indices. Also, in order to analyze the statistical data, correlation, chi-square, and Friedman tests were used in SPSS software. Using SPSS software, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (its value for all questionnaire questions was higher than 0.7), the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified and confirmed. The statistical population of this study is the number of households living in the Zeinabayeh worn out area of Isfahan. According to the latest available statistics, the population living in this area is 26280 people. Based on the household size 4, households (statistical population) were calculated to be 6570. To save time and money, we chose the sample of the Cochran formula. Regarding insecure environmental conditions and low literacy and high age, a sample size of 250 families was determined. To this end, considering the probable problems and the error of the answers and questionnaires, 300 questionnaires were distributed in a simple and systematic manner in the range of the study, 44 of the questionnaires were excluded from the study process, and 256 questionnaires were approved and the research work continued with this number of acceptable questionnaires.
Results This research investigates the effect of nine structural components (land use, urban furniture, visual fit, environmental health, readability, grain size and area compression, passages, vegetation, and informal monitoring) as independent variables on security as a dependent variable in Isfahan Zeinabayeh neighborhood. According to the results of the Chi-square test, the variables of land use, urban furniture, visual fit, readability, environmental health, informal supervision and passages as independent variables and sense of security as dependent variables were found to have a statistically significant level less than 0.01; it can be concluded that with 99.9% of confidence, independent and dependent variables have a significant relationship with each other. Significant level in the study of the relationship between vegetation variables and security was found to be higher than 5%, which indicates that there is no significant relationship between the two variables. Also, to correlate the correlations of each of the physical indices with the security, the correlation test was used. The results showed that there is a high correlation among land use variables, urban furniture and informal supervision, and security. Also, according to the results of Friedman test, which was measured using a questionnaire, visibility and visual fits were the most desirable while vegetation cover and informal monitoring were the most undesirable factor. This means that they should be prioritized in the planning for the study area. According to the data collected from the questionnaire and the results of the test of the ratio of binomial (ratio), the security of the study area is low. In other words, according to the significance level (0.000) and the frequency, the responses given to the medium, low and very low were about 80%, and with 95% confidence, residents are dissatisfied with the security of their area, and they believed that security was at a low level.
Conclusion Providing security in cities in addition to law enforcement and social institutions is one of the tasks of urban planners and policy makers. Regarding the results of data analysis and statistical tests, the study of the physical condition of the study area showed that vegetation indices and informal monitoring were recognized as the weakest indicators. There is a significant relationship between all physical indices except vegetation as an independent variable and security as the dependent variable. The land use and urban furniture index have the highest correlation with environmental security. Also, in the eyes of citizens, inappropriate lighting in the urban furniture sector and the presence of land in the area of land use and congestion in the segment of tissue area will have the greatest impact on security. Considering the importance of three areas of land use, urban furniture and vegetation, all projects and activities in the Isfahan Zeinabayeh area with these three indicators and with the aim of improving its quality level should be carried out. What modern people can do is not to eradicate the issue of crime because it is beyond the control of the person, but, he is able to minimize the crime through the proper design of the environment. At the end of the research, to improve the quality of life, increase citizenship satisfaction, and reduce crime according to the CPTED approach, strategies are presented separately for each indicator together with executive suggestions.

Introduction Cities are living beings that always need to be revived, and in order to survive, they need to revive their worn out textures. Among the cities of Iran, the city of Mashhad with 2245.47 hectares of urban wastewater is facing a major challenge for the renovation of these parts. The texture of the Sarshoor neighborhood, one of the most vibrant urban areas of the city, despite its rich history, has a very high level of activity due to its spatial proximity to the holy shrine complex. In other words, the economic potentials in the context of the neighborhood have led to spontaneous renovation by the residents and investors; therefore, to guide the renovation of such spaces according to the defined models, it is possible to have a coherent and proper complex from physical, aesthetic, functional, and social perspective, and, finally to contribute to urban regeneration. Therefore, having the program to prioritize the recovery of its texture and different parts is very necessary. The main objective of the research is to prioritize the restoration of the worn out parts of the Sarsoor neighborhood, but in addition to this objective, the accuracy of each of the multi-criteria models used in this study to determine the priority of renovation of each component is also the second objective.
Methodology In this research, a descriptive-analytical research method has been used that includes: 1- Description of weight of overlapping models, hierarchical analysis, network analysis and fuzzy analysis; 2- Introducing features of Sarshoor neighborhood; 3- Using the above models in Arc GIS software environment. Documentary and library methods as well as field observations were used to determine the criteria used in the research. The required criteria include material, age, durability, use and classes. Multi-criteria decision-making models including hierarchical analysis, network analysis, fuzzy and weight overlapping were used to prioritize the components for renovation. To determine the preference and weights of each criterion and sub criteria, 50 questionnaires were distributed and collected by experts in two stages. Finally, the averaging method was used to determine the final weight of the criteria and sub criteria.
Results In fuzzy models, network analysis, hierarchical analysis, and weight overlap respectively 21.5%, 29.68%, 31.10%, and 24.10% of the size of Sarshoor neighborhood was ascribed to renovation with high priority. Meanwhile, areas with average priority were identified in Sarshoor neighborhood. For the fuzzy model, 30.32%, for the network analysis model, 32.43%, for the hierarchical analysis, 38.21%, and for the weight overlay model, 52.61% were determined. Also, the lower priority areas in the fuzzy model were 48.18%, in network analysis 37.9%, in hierarchical analysis 30.69%, and in weight overlay 23%.
Also, the lower priority areas in the fuzzy model were 48.18%, network analysis 37.9%, hierarchical analysis 30.69%, and weight overlay 23%. Considering that about half of the available space is reserved for residential use, this land use has the highest level of area for the high priority of the renovation. As in the fuzzy model of a total of 27.9 hectares of residential use, 14.3 hectares have a high priority for renovation. In the first priority, based on the fuzzy model, sport use with 100% has the highest frequency for renovation in this priority. In the low priority, administrative use with 98% has the highest share, and residential and educational uses are in the top priority. The results from the hierarchical analysis model in the high priority section for renovation indicate the share of 49% of residential use, which has the highest frequency among other uses for renovation. Commercial use is the next with 38%. In the case of residential and non-residential network analysis models, the commercial use has the highest priority, and in the first priority, sporting uses with 100% and then commercial with 51% in the next rank. Finally, barren spaces have the highest share in the low priority area for the development of worn out texture with 100% of their area. The information obtained from the overweight model, such as the other three models, shows that the share of residential and commercial use is high, but the share of residential and commercial uses is lower than the other models. Sport land use with 100% has the highest average renovation rate. In the low priority section for rehabilitation based on this model, administrative, residential, and therapeutic uses have the highest share, respectively. Finally, based on the above, it can be concluded that the first priority of renovation among different residential uses of the neighborhood is residential and the next priority is commercial use. Also, after comparing the results of the four models with the status of different parts of the Sarshoor area, the results of the Fuzzy model are closer to reality for identifying priority compared to other models.
Conclusion Sarshoor is one of the oldest neighborhoods with a worn out texture in downtown Mashhad, which, despite its historical background, has a very high activity area due to the location of the hermitage complex. Nevertheless, the neighborhood faces numerous problems due to the lack of a plan to prioritize the parts to be restored, which has resulted in the loss of public limited financial resources and loss of physical, aesthetic, functional and even socioeconomic cohesion. Therefore, having a plan to prioritize the recovery of its parts is very necessary. Accordingly, in order to determine the priority of rebuilding parts, several criteria were considered: materials, age, durability, use and classes, as well as multi-criteria decision making methods in GIS for analyzing the above criteria. Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that the priority of renovation for executive systems is residential uses, and for private sector investors is administrative-business uses, which can be useful given the capacities of the neighborhood, and can give more cohesion to the study area.

Introduction Without taking the ecological differences and environmental capabilities of lands into account, using land can culminate in unpleasant consequences and destroy the environment. This will endanger natural resources and obstruct the environment’s sustainable development as such. The region of Sahand (located in East Azerbaijan Province) boasting a diverse, suitable ecosystem for human life and a variety of natural attractions together with invaluable environmental sceneries is among the most important regions in East Azerbaijan province which is capable of population attraction. Hence, the growth of cities and rural settlements with their concomitant construction of infrastructures and facilities required by humans has resulted in insufficient evaluation regarding the ecological capability required for proper land use prior to the allocation of the swathes of this region for the land-use in question.
Methodology In the present study, the systematic location finding concerning the physical development of the city of Sahand is the main objective. In MADMs, the intended criteria should be weighed first. Weighing process is crucial and decisive. In this sense, careful attention should be paid to the selection of weights so that the results are in line with expectations. In the present research, weighing was done using Analytic Hierarchy Processes (AHP). In the first stage, Sahand, as the area under the study, and the influential physical-ecological factors in urban development location-finding, including physical (i.e., the surveys of geography, geology, soil, hydrology, hydrogeology, climatology, etc.) and biological (i.e., the evaluations of flora and fauna in the protected areas, etc.) features were determined. In the second stage, the standardization and the overlying of information layers were done using Arc GIS, and the directions of the city’s development were identified. The third stage involved the analysis done using AHP and WLC in which the map of Sahand’s ecological development capability was extracted and then categorized by comparing it with the model of urban development. At the moment, the city of Sahand spans an area of 2329 acres. In the research, basic and influencing variables affecting the development of a city were used. These variables include height from the sea level, slope, slope direction, distance from fault lines, lithology, the texture of the soil, the distance from roads, underground waters, surface waters, and the distance from power grid. These maps were then standardized using fuzzy model.
Results The findings revealed that out of the overall studied surface area of Sahand identified as 1721 ecological units and spanned 45200 acres, 3326 acres were placed in the first class potential and 4279 acres were in the second class potential regarding urban development. At the moment, the spatial distribution of population centers in the township is mainly located in the second class (average) land-uses, which can be attributed to important factors, such as moderate slope, a rather suitable texture of soil, the proper drainage systems, and favorable climate.
Conclusion From an urban planning perspective, the final confines of area development are determined through the overlying of maps pertaining to proper ecological capability and those of proper slopes. In division maps, slopes are considered to be 0-8 percent, 8-12 percent, 12-15 percent, and 20-15 percent. It is suggested that slopes of 15-20 percent be used for green spaces. Moreover, in the newly suggested area, the creation of flanks with unsuitable width has been avoided, since they increase the infrastructure costs. In determining the new area for development, we have tried to make the most of topographical lines. The evaluation of the findings indicates that in addition to identifying the suitable locations for urban development in acceptable directions, the model designed with AHP also suggests other directions. However, WLC model yields directions for development based on both evidence of survey studies and the comparison of the findings with the existing reality. According to the directions of development identified in both AHP and WLC models, the best alternative was chosen based on ranking. The southern part of the city is surrounded by steep height, and currently some parts of these mountainsides with a considerable slope are occupied by people in the vicinity. Not only is this part of the city incapable of further development, but some of its population will also be displaced in case the improvement and renovation projects of the distressed areas are put into action. This area, due to its location, has some partial limitations, especially with regard to the shape of the land. The western area has very limited potential for development and the creation of metropolitan applications and job centers along the former route from Sahand to Tabriz. Typological complexities have deprived this area of playing a crucial role in development and population attraction. The western area is predominantly occupied by heavy industries and does not have any potential for development or settlement or whatsoever due to its direction of prevailing winds. Similarly, in the south-western area the development seems impossible due to closeness of the city of Sahand to Tabriz and their facilitating integration. Given the finalized maps of AHP and WLC models, the lands located on the eastern area create the most essential and natural possibility for the development of Sahand due to having proper slope, facing the sun, and having suitable status in terms of the environmental factors. The studies conducted in this regard, including Sahand’s master planning, acknowledge the fact that in recent years the city has faced major natural obstacles regarding its development, and has inevitably raided some parts of nature; this has resulted in instances such as the destruction of the renowned Osku gardens. Sahand’s master planning with regard to the geographical and typological location of the city suburbs has proposed the eastern and north-eastern areas as the most suitable parts for the physical development of the city. By pursuing development in these parts, a sufficient area provided for the development and the density of urban spaces is highly avoided at the same time. Reviewing the studies revealed that in the southern section of Sahand, that is, from Sahand to Osku, lush gardens are located whose land use should be changed under no circumstances. Moreover, the relative adjacency of western part of Sahand to the heavy industries creates the opportunity for installing the non-polluting industries located along the Tabriz-Azarsharh route. An important point to bear in mind while using AHP and WLC is to choose weights correctly and use information layers effectively. This is of great importance, because when the selected weights are not suitable for the process of decision making regardless of the number of the used information layers, the findings will not be satisfactory.

Introduction Growing needs of city-dwellers to amusement and rest environments and most importantly, the movement of millions of tourists throughout the year, increases the necessity and importance of research on aspects of the tourism industry. One of the popular topics in the tourism literature is the subject of destination image, since it affects the individual’s subjective perception and consequent behavior and ultimately destination choice. Destination image is composed of individual’s beliefs and impressions about a state. Tourists who visit the city want a real experience, and if their experience does not fulfill their expectations, they will never visit a place again. Because always there are places that provide a better visit experiences which try to attract those tourists. The understanding of visitor images is an important subject and urban tourism researchers are always looking for its evaluation. Because attracting tourists to revisit and to recommend the destination to others is crucial for the success of destination tourism development. The various types of destination image include cognitive, affective and unique images. The evaluations of overall image and its components would be different; therefore, both should be measured to better understand the relative position of a destination. Generally, it is accepted that destination image affects the behavior of tourists. Destination experience is considered as a product and tourists may choose to revisit or recommend it to friends and relatives. In this regard, this study is aiming to clarify the component dimensions of the city image and measure Tabriz image from the perspective of tourists, evaluate the relationships between types of image (e.g., cognitive, affectiveæ and unique images), the visitors’ overall image and future behavior.
Methodology The target population of this study was the domestic visitors who had chosen Tabriz as a travel destination. The required data were collected using a questionnaire. The sample size consisted of 384 people estimated by applying Cochrane formula for uncertain statistical society. The survey questionnaire consists of two sections. The first section included questions related to the characteristics of tourists including age, gender, level of education, and location, and the travel behavior items including the number of trips, purpose for the trip, and the length of stay. The second section was developed to assess the respondents’ cognitive, unique, affective, and perceptions of overall image of Tabriz. This choice of dimensions was based on the relevant theoretical literature, as well as the empirical studies that analyze the factors determining image forming of a city. To assess cognitive image, 42 items, and to assess unique image 17 items were selected, and the respondents were asked to rate Tabriz as a travel destination on each of the items on a 5-point Likert scale where 1= strongly Disagree; 2= disagree; 3= neutral; 4= agree; and 5= strongly Agree. Affective image was measured by using Semantic differential scales. The scale included four bipolar scales: arousing/sleepy, pleasant\unpleasant, exciting\gloomy, and relaxing\distressing. A 5-point scale was used for all four bipolar scales where 1= arousing and 5 = sleepy, 1 = pleasant and 5 = unpleasant, 1= exciting and 5 = gloomy, and 1 = relaxing and 5 = distressing. In addition, to assess Tabriz overall image, the respondents were asked to rate their perception of overall image of Tabriz on a 5-point scale with 1 = very negative and 5 = very positive. Moreover, two questions were considered to determine the respondents’ intention to revisit Tabriz and the respondents’ intention to recommend Tabriz as a favorable destination to others with a 5-point Likert scale (1= most unlikely; 5= most likely). Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS and SmartPLS softwares.
Results The results of the structural equations confirmed the previous studies’ results concerning the effect of types of image on overall image and the effect of overall image on the tourists’ behavioral intentions. The results showed that the unique image, cognitive image, and effective image had 0.25, 0.22, 0.21 standard coefficients, respectively, and that they had a positive impact on the overall image. In addition, the overall image acts as an mediating between the three images and tourist behaviors (i.e., intention to revisit and intention to recommend), and it has a positive impact on desire to re-visit with 0.57 standard coefficients and recommend the destination to others with 0.55 standard coefficients. Additionally, the t-test to assess the images’ current situation showed the desired situation of three images in Tabriz city. The positive impact of cognitive and effective images on the overall image was consistent with the results of Baloglu and McCleary (1999), San Martin and Rodrigues del Bosque (2008), Qu, Kim, & Im, (2011). The positive impact of unique image on overall image confirmed the findings of Qu, Kim, & Im(2011). Contrary to Baloglu and McCleary’s (1999) findings (i.e., more impact of effective image), Qu, Kim, & Im(2011) findings, and San Martin and Rodrigues del Bosque’s (2008) findings (i.e., more impact of cognitive image), this study showed that unique image imposed the greatest impact on the overall image and thereinafter on cognitive and effective images, respectively. Since cognitive image measures the perceptions of the general quality based on tourist experiences, difference in results could be due to lower quality of considered factors to assess cognitive image in Tabriz. Similarly, since the cognitive image constitutes the resource for the formation of the affective image, effective image can have less impact on overall image. Also, findings showed the strong effect of overall image on intention to revisit and intention to recommend, which were in harmony with previous research results )i.e., Ramkissoon, Uysal, & Brown, 2011; Bigne, Sanchez, & Sanchez, 2001; Castro, Armario, & Ruiz, 2007; Chen, & Tsai, 2007(
Conclusion Destination image is a multi-dimensional construct influenced by the cognitive, unique, and affective images that collectively affect tourist behaviors. The positive image of tourists to the destination will follow their desires to revisit and stay longer in the destination. Moreover, since recommendation is an important information source in forming an image of a particular destination, the positive influence of overall image on recommendations should be emphasized more than before. In this regard, in the market of tourism destination, favorable experiences to tourists and creating a positive images based on cognitive, unique, and effective components should be provided to increase return, attract new tourists, and improve success in the market.

Introduction Cities are vast arenas for the concentration of population and activities, and human health has an inseparable connection with the conditions and quality of urban environments. The quality of urban environment is an important factor in the way of providing health and life satisfaction. The dynamics, vitality and attractiveness of urban environments have a great influence on the creation of sensory richness and place attachment. Environment and place attachment meanwhile create the feeling of pride, effectively increase the social responsibility and people participation in the affairs of their quarter and city. The experience of executing urban plans in Iran has not shown any success in creating high quality urban environments. Regarding the importance of the quality of urban and residential environments in creating place attachment, recognition of difficulties and insufficiencies of these areas is essential. Studying the factors creating and reinforcing place attachment is a critical issue in the way of creating sustainable urban environments and quarters; in this respect, Bentley, Alcock, Murrain, McGlynn, and Smith (1985), clarifying principles and attributes of responsive environments including permeability, variety, legibility, robustness, visual appropriateness, richness, and personalization, have introduced a step by step process to achieve urban environment qualities. The present study, while explaining the characteristics of the responsive environments, has investigated the role of the indicators and components of the responsive environments- which are mainly related to the physical environment- in creating sensory richness and place attachment of citizens living in Arak.
Methodology This study is analytic and applied research that investigates the effect of responsive environment indicators on place attachment. The needed data have been collected through library studies, interviews, and a questionnaire. The geographical area of the study is Arak city. Based on the population and housing census in 2011, the population of Arak was 484212. The statistical population of the study is citizens living in Arak, but to reach the reliable results, citizens over 18 were considered as the basis for the study. Sample size was determined using Cochran formula with error level of 5% that is equal to 384.
The studied indicators in this paper are the same as responsive environment indicators including permeability, variety, legibility, robustness, visual appropriateness, richness, and personalization. The indicator of sensory richness was named as place attachment because of its implicit meaning. Each of the mentioned indicators was introduced by some related criteria; then, the effect of six indicators namely permeability, variety, legibility, robustness, visual appropriateness, and personalization was analyzed on the indicator of sensory richness, namely, place attachment. The needed data was collected through library studies, interviews, and a questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=0.89). The level of desirability of indicators of responsive environments from the viewpoint of citizens was also assessed using one-sample T test. Then, the correlation coefficient of the indices of responsive environments was calculated and finally, regression analysis of place attachment index (sensory richness) and other indices of responsive environments was carried out.
Results The present study investigated the responsive environment indicators in Arak city. For this purpose, a questionnaire with Likert scale was prepared. After collecting the needed data, one-sample t-test was carried out. The numerical mean of indicators showed that convenient accessibility of house from different ways (Mean=3.80), existence of various services and facilities in quarter and city (Mean=3.48), unique features of streets for routing guide (Mean=3.16), potential of home interior spaces for performing various alternatives of furniture design (Mean=3.11), tendency to change the residential space scene according to individual desire (Mean=4.05), and tendency to continue living in this quarter (Mean=3.10), have the highest average number respectively; none of the criteria related to visual appropriateness had a mean value higher than test mean value.
To explain the relationships between each pair of indicators, Pearson correlation was calculated. Except for the correlation of personalization with variety, visual appropriateness, and richness, all correlations were significant. The maximum correlation belonged to the pairs of richness and visual appropriateness (r= 0.614), and richness and robustness (r= 0.465), and the minimum correlation belonged to personalization and robustness (r= 0.120).
In the regression analysis of indicators, the indicator of sensory richness (place attachment) was assumed as the dependent variable, and other six indicators as independent variables. Based on adjusted R square, 53.2% of the changes of place attachment is explained through linear combination of independent variables. The indicators of visual appropriateness and robustness had the maximum effect on place attachment whose influence coefficients are 0.453 and 0.192, respectively. The effect of the indicator of personalization was not meaningful.
Conclusion The results of this study showed that the indices of responsive environments have a significant effect on place attachment. Regarding the objective and physical nature of the mentioned indicators, it is suggested that the effect of other indicators especially social criteria on creating place attachment in urban environments be studied in future studies.

Introduction Developments in the urbanization phenomenon have resulted in more complicated urban problems, making the issue of urban transportation one of the main concerns for urban planners. As a result, providing appropriate transportation structures as well as encouraging the citizens to use various means of public transport has become one of the significant challenges urban managers face (Beyti, Panahi, & Salimi, 2014). Transportation is one of the preconditions of economic and social development (Sharafi, Yaghafouri, Jafari, & Gordani, 2013). Its geographical purpose is to overcome space (Ziari, Manoochehri, Mohammadpoor, Ebrahimpoor & Ebrahimpoor, 2011) and its transportation planning aim is to provide access (Seifodini & Shoorcheh, 2014). Consequently, fair-minded planning with emphasis on providing everyone’s rights and interests in urban development is necessary for designing a public transportation system, especially bus system (Khalilabadi, 2011).
Methodology In terms of the nature, data collection method and purpose, the present study is considered as descriptive, descriptive, non-experimental (Sarmad, 2003), and applied, respectively (Sakaran, 2007). The total population in this study consists of the citizens of Zanjan city who use city buses as a means of daily transport. Given the vagueness of the number of such population, the citizens’ satisfaction ratio is used to indicate the sample size. Fifty five questionnaires were distributed among the passengers of city buses for trial and based on the information obtained from the pilot study, the clients’ satisfaction ratio was found to be equal to 0.84; sample size was estimated to contain at least 302 people, according to this information. Nine experts on urban planning and transportation commented on the validity of questionnaires used in the study. The results of the survey demonstrated the fact that the questionnaires were of desirable validity. Furthermore, Zanjan’s bus transportation service performance was studied and examined with a focus on hypotheses including: 1. There is a significant difference between the users’ expectations of bus transportation services and their perception.
2. Citizens in different regions of the city have different expectations of bus transportation services.
Overall, the present study seeks to achieve these 1. How providing quality in bus transportation service affects the citizens’ satisfaction in Zanjan.
2. Identifying the citizens’ expectations and perceptions concerning bus transportation services in various regions of the city.
Results To evaluate the citizens’ satisfaction with bus transportation services, 14 factors were asked through questionnaires. Investigations on the frequency of responses to functional and non-functional questions showed that 35% of such factors are regarded as necessary requirements which include fleet count (n=239), location of bus station in terms of easy access (n=197), the bus fares (n=307), drivers’ skill (n=202), and not using worn-out buses (n=181). Following these factors, one-dimensional and motivational requirements were in the next place, both with 28% frequency. Finally, the factor of passengers’ proper attitude in the fleet with a frequency of 373 people and less than 7% was identified as the ineffective, indifferent requirement. Kano matrix analysis showed a general dissatisfaction relative to bus transportation service performance with a dissatisfaction index of -0.54. Citizens of district 3 make the least use of city buses while the citizens of district 2 still use this form of public transport, in spite of present dissatisfactions. This could serve as a warning for urban transportation planners; because, in case the welfare and financial capabilities of citizens in district 2 increase, they would prefer driving in their personal vehicles over public transport. As a result, it can be stated that the general acceptability of bus transportation in district 2 of Zanjan is a temporary and vulnerable matter.
Conclusion The historical trend in urban transport planning began with the subject of city traffic in 1930 and has led to the integrated planning of transportation and land use, following suburban living development and the construction of highways in 1990. Subsequently, attention is given to fast, inexpensive, and clean public transport due to rise in fuel costs, general health subjects, and increase in population of the elderly. Paying attention to the public transport fleet as well as increasing facilities is one of the initial steps toward quantitative implementation of bus transportation system throughout the city. The results of Kano matrix implementation analysis showed a general dissatisfaction relative to bus transportation service performance with a dissatisfaction index of -0.54. The major factor in citizens’ dissatisfaction was the worn-out bus transportation fleet with the highest dissatisfaction index of -0.86. Following this component, lack of optimal bus transportation lines were in second place with an index of -0.81. The least extent of dissatisfaction with an index of -0.50 were related to passengers’ proper attitude in the fleet. Regarding the satisfaction index, passengers’ proper attitude in the fleet were of the highest index of satisfaction (i.e., 0.07). Following this index, appropriate bus station locations were in the second place with an index of 0.82. As for ranking urban regions, the weakest district in terms of the leading component of using bus transportation was district 3. In conclusion, it must be stated that district 2 is the optimal region with respect to the application of bus transportation and it is considered as one of the most developed regions of the city in this regard. Given the findings of the study, the following suggestions are recommended for improving bus transportation performance: 1. Renovation of the fleet and increasing welfare equipment in public transport
2. Increasing the capacity of busy travelling lines with flexible bus plans during peak hours
3. Increasing special and speedway lines to reduce the time of travels
4. Establishing various applications around bus stations to provide attractions

Introduction The existence of a good management system can influence the formation of an appropriate brand for the city, which depends on good urban governance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of good urban governance in branding of Shandiz. Today's brand-building is rapidly becoming the apex of management and marketing efforts (Williams, Gill, & Chura, 2004). Brands not only differentiate products and evaluate a contract, but they also inspire beliefs, invoke feelings, and trigger activities that are the main goals of target management organizations. In addition to attracting tourists, a strong brand also attracts traders and investors (Kotler, Haider, & Rein, 1994). One of the factors that can play a key role in shaping a brand in the city is good urban governance. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of good urban governance in branding of Shandiz, and it tries to produce and collect the required information.
Methodology This research is of an applied-development type. According to the nature of the subject and the components studied, the approach of this survey is quantitative using a questionnaire. Then, the field information required for this research was collected by designing a questionnaire and distributing it among the residents and tourists of Shandiz. The data were analyzed using descriptive-inferential statistics and applying SPSS and Excel softwares. The statistical population of this study includes the population of Shandiz in 2016, and 2018 people as well as 3,0154 tourists entering the city in 2016 form the total population which is 44141 people. The sample size was chosen based on the Cochran formula from among 380 people who were available.
Results The results of the field studies indicate that the current status of urban governance among the citizens of Shandiz is not acceptable and has a score of 2.15, which is not desirable. Also, based on the results of field calculations, the status of urban governance among the citizens of Shandiz has been lower than the average and has a score of 2.15, which is not in a desirable condition. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the level of good governance indicators among the citizens of Shandiz is lower than the average. In explaining this, one can say that the average level of good urban governance indicators is 2.17, which indicates the unfavorable condition of these indicators in the urban areas of Shandiz. As a result, the first hypothesis was confirmed. It was also found that the level of urban image index and urban brand among the citizens of Shandiz is lower than average. The explanation is that the average level of urban image and urban brand index is 2.25, which indicates the unfavorable condition of these indicators in Shandiz. As a result, the second hypothesis was rejected, and finally, Spearman's correlation test between good urban governance and the mental image of the citizens showed a correlation with the value of 0.578% 74, and it can be said that the third hypothesis was confirmed.
Conclusion In general, the calculations indicate that if good governance indicators in Shandiz are realized, this can have a great impact on the citizen's mental image, and this potential can easily be used to branding the city of Shandiz. In general, the results of this study have been consistent with the results of Razavizadeh's (2016) research, who studies the impact of good urban governance on the quality of urban life (i.e., Marand city). The results indicated that good urban governance had a positive and significant effect on the quality of urban life (subjective dimension) and the quality of urban environment (objective dimension). Also, according to the results of a study done by Mosulpour and DavarPanah (2016), good urban governance had an impact on achieving sustainable development (a case study in Ardabil city). The results indicated that the governing indicators in the city of Ardabil were relatively average. Accordingly, it is suggested that desirable and suitable places for walking in different parts of the city center, suitable hobby areas as well as suitable places for children and families in different parts of the city, and various exhibitions and festivals of products, industries, food, culture, literature, and local music be created to provide a unique image in the minds of tourists in order to illustrate the culture, and customs of the city of Shandiz. The good urban governance index is in a bad situation. Considering the low willingness of citizens to participate in urban management, it is suggested that the municipality and city council create local councils in the urban areas of Shandiz to provide the ground for the participation of interested and informed localities in the city administration. This can be achieved by identifying people in public places such as mosques, parks, and so on. Interested and informed people can be identified by interviews and questionnaires. In this regard, the municipality and city council can also help students and academic forces.

Introduction The physical expansion of cities and continued use of automobiles underlie many problems of urban world. North of Iran with its unique natural potential is one of the rapid growing centers in response to the increasing level of inter and infra provincial migrants. Thus, now inactivity is a part of problems emerging in small urban centers due to sprawl growth, unplanned development, shortage of public services, and an increase of physical and mental health problems. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impacts of land use and its arrangement on the citizens’ health in one of the coastal cities with cultural and tourism function of the Caspian Sea.
New studies indicated that physical activity is a precondition for people’s health in cities and urban planners have a great responsibility to plan and design spaces which provide opportunities for physical activities such as walking. The concept of urban form includes designing buildings, and in other words, arrangement of all urban elements in a city. Thus, city form or quality of land use distribution determines the modes of transport and people’s mobility. A healthy environment provides opportunities for citizens to walk in cities, communicate with people, and enjoy their life in the city. The theory of sustainable development following the 21 agenda showed that urban planners should create spaces which limit the use of personal cars and encourage walking. Also, in new urbanism, cities are seen as segments of natural environment which should be preserved from pollution and irregular growth. Today, sprawl expansion of cities has threatened natural resources of urban areas by consuming vast energy. Hence, the main priority of an urban planner should be the development of walking-friendly environment in cities and towns.
Methodology The methodology of the research is based on descriptive and analytical approaches which has accompanied with conducting a fieldwork to complete the given questionnaires via cluster sampling. The city of Babolsar as a cultural and tourism center was chosen. Accordingly, the land use mix of each neighborhood was determined using Shannon Entropy by Frank walkability index. Then, the data were processed using SPSS and analyzed through parametric statistical methods.
Results Based on the research process, three components were considered to calculate the level of walkability. These components include accessibility to shopping centers, parks and schools in the sample neighborhoods. The results are classified in three categories as high, medium, and low accessibility. The one tailed T-test revealed that the significance level is less than 0.05 and that the null hypothesis was rejected. Also, there was a significant difference in the level of accessibility among different uses. The findings indicated that, in general, 32 percent of neighborhoods had a high level of walkability, 27 percent had a medium level of walkability, and 41 percent showed low level of walking in their neighborhoods. The walkability index indicated that nine areas of the city had the lowest accessibility while only the residents of four neighborhoods had high level of walkability level to reach shopping centers, parks, and schools.
Regarding the results of the research it seems that the quality of the streets and distance between home and destination can affect the level of walking. The arrangement of different land uses can encourage physical activities. As in areas with lower access to three destinations of shopping center, park, and schools people were less keen to walk while in neighborhoods with higher access to public facilities people had greater level of physical activities. Moreover, the area with higher mixed use and higher connectivity encouraged people to take a walk for doing their daily attendance in three public spaces.
Conclusion The environment with a higher public health could be considered as the reflection of a good planning procedure. The present research revealed that there is a positive relationship among the level of mixed use, residential density, and level of connectivity of conjunctions. The results of this study have been in line with other similar studies and supported the idea of mixed use for more physical movement and the pattern of urban transportation. The travel behavior of residents in the city showed that using public transportation, bicycles, and walking can upgrade the environmental health through urban land use planning.

Introduction Iran is among the top ten countries vulnerable to natural disasters (Amini, 2005), the most important of which is considered to be earthquakes. Located on the Alpine-Himalayan belt, this country has experienced 130 earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw 7.5 on the Richter scale during the past few centuries (Zangi Abadei, Mohamadeisafaei, & Ghaed Rahmati., 2008). Considering the fact that Iran has experienced the most severe earthquakes in the world four times, it can be acknowledged that the country bears a record of witnessing intense and destructive earthquakes. Furthermore, the highest frequency of the strongest earthquakes occurred following the 1980s also belongs to this country; four earthquakes of this sort have been recorded in Iran (Ozey, 2011). Meanwhile, due to their population density and structural aspects, the cities are of substantial importance in this regard; the occurrence of any incidents would pose numerous problems and result in several ravages. Yet, what must receive grave attention here is the inadequate provisions of the cities in handling the events following the earthquake. In this regard, urban management must be able to take control of the situation in the city and prevent further disarrays after the occurrence of disasters such as earthquakes. One of the effective strategies in this area is to consider temporary housing sites which has been investigated in the present study.
Methodology The present study was conducted through a descriptive-analytical method, the results of which are of practical features. In terms of structure, spatial and non-spatial (descriptive) data were used in this study. The required data were gathered using the results of general population and housing census conducted in 2011, comprehensive and detailed urban plans, and other findings related to the subject at hand. Data analysis in this study was carried out using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Topsis model within the settings of softwares including Super Decisions, Expert Choice, and ARC GIS. In order to select convenient locations for temporary housing, first, the necessary criteria were provided and then scored according to the experts’ views; using the ANP and AHP models, these criteria were weighted and the indices were prioritized via the Topsis model. Due to the spatial nature of the majority of data, the initial investigations were carried out in the GIS setting as the software is capable of analyzing and interpreting spatial information. Following the preparation of different layers using the geographical information system, it was attempted to locate a temporary housing site.
Results According to the latest earthquake risk zoning map and considering the presence of fundamental faults in Zahedan and Nehbandan, the former is located in an area with a relatively high risk of earthquakes; therefore, it is necessary to adhere to a basic acceleration of 0.3 gal in construction projects (Consulting Engineers Shahr-o-Khaneh, 2006). Six layers of population density, user compatibility, access to roads, health centers, police stations, and fire stations in the city were examined in the findings of the study, according to the effective criteria on locating temporary housing sites, and then, a map of convenient areas for this purpose were provided. Through an integration of these layers, a final, optimal map for locating temporary housing bases in Zahedan was presented and the open spaces in the city were modified on this map. Different distribution of population in the city, hence, the different population density in Zahedan, has led to a set of regions to be of suitable and relatively convenient conditions for constructing a temporary housing site, particularly in the Northern half of city. Moreover, in terms of the extent of land use adaptability with the construction of temporary housing sites, a large area of Zahedan city is of relative adaptability and a number of regions in the Southern and Northern parts of the city are completely adaptable. Also, in relation to the criterion concerning the distance to fire stations, a number of central, eastern, north-western, and western regions of the city are convenient for constructing these sites, whereas the southern and a part of north-eastern and eastern countryside are inconvenient for such purpose. Regarding the street network coverage, many regions of the city are suitable for temporary housing sites in general, while a number of problems exist in the north-eastern parts of the city and therefore, construction of a temporary housing site is not recommended in these regions. In terms of the distance from health centers, it can be stated that except for the southern and north-western regions which occupy a relatively great area, there are large parts in the city suitable for constructing these sites; however, in terms of the presence of police stations, extensive parts of the city lack the required condition for constructing temporary housing sites.
Conclusion Preparation prior to the occurrence of crisis in the cities is one of the most important issues which has attracted the attention of many urban planners and experts. Earthquake, one of the most significant factors in creating a crisis, is an important matter in the cities due to the scale of the effects it may bear and must receive special attention. According to the evaluations carried out in the present study, areas located in the central region of Zahedan city are convenient for constructing temporary housing sites. Additionally, the lands in the eastern parts of the city can also be used for such purposes. Going farther from the central regions of the city, there are less convenient places for constructing these sites; the north-western, north-eastern, south-eastern, and southern parts of the city are the least convenient for construction. The results of the study show that for the construction of temporary housing sites, areas of almost 310, 745, 2432, and 1205 hectares are inconvenient, inconvenient to relatively inconvenient, medium to relatively convenient, and convenient, respectively. For a more practical procedure in locating a site, it is recommended to identify the present open spaces, offices with open spaces in proper locations and with the necessary managements for operation during crisis as well as investigating residential spaces located in distressed areas.

Introduction The development of the physical growth and population growth of cities has been on a steep rise over the past three decades. With new developments, cities were quickly adapted to changes, and the expansion of the service sector, and the concentration of industries and factories in cities have attracted people from many villages and small cities to major cities. Not only has these changes caused the disparity and dissonance of the physical expansion of the cities, but it also has greatly impacted the spatial development of cities. Cities may vary from a variety of perspectives, but contrary to these differences, cities have several features that make them similar. The dynamics and growth are two bases that exist in most cities. However, modeling of dynamism and growth, and models that involve the complexity of cities are very difficult. Therefore, these complexities make it harder to use old models for modeling because they are static, linear, cumulative, interconnected, and based on the theory of simple systems. So, in order to model urban systems, new methods should be employed that are dynamic, nonlinear, non-cumulative, discrete, and low-end. Therefore, this research aims to predict the future development of Hamadan city by employing a method that evaluates urban variables in a nonlinear way.
Methodology Cities are among the most complex structures which are built through human societies. A cellular automaton is widely used for the simulation of complex nonlinear systems. In this article, we first explain the structural and the general principles of CA and then use fuzzy logic as a method of transforming rules of the CA model. These logic rules are desirable in dealing with complex non-linear relationships. An urban cellular automation is designed to model urban and regional systems that include simulation of urban projects such as urban development simulation, simulation of land use change, and so on. This is a proposed model for using simulation of user variations. The space-spatial variables used in the simulation of the geographic database are extracted and the variables of the change of use of satellite imagery will be obtained. Once the cell's position is determined in the next period, the cells are compared one by one. The process of performing this method consists of two main stages of classification and simulation. In the first step, linear categorizers are used to make decision making using vector regression. In the simulation stage, according to different variables, the probability of land use changes in the city will be predicted.
Results The present study showed the extent, and quality of land use in the city by 2040, and then the future development of the city of Hamedan was simulated and predicted for the years to come. The simulation outcomes in the form of raster maps as well as the calculation of the city's physical development in 2040 using statistical methods revealed that if land use changes continued with this trend, the area of land built up by 2040 would increase and this area would probably approximately reach 6350 hectares, and the area of the lands of the garden and the tree will be reduced further. According to the calculations, the physical development of the city of Hamedan has been doubled over the past thirty years.
Conclusion According to available statistics, the city of Hamadan has experienced a growing trend over the last 50 years. The city of Hamedan, due to its location, has many restrictions, however, the population of the city is increasing as a result of the urban area of Hamedan. The simulation of land use change in Hamadan city was used and the results indicate a good correlation between real and simulated models. Therefore, it can be concluded that the cellular automation model, based on the rules of transmission of regression vector support, is a useful tool for simulating urban systems. The strengths of this approach can be seen in terms of the physical outlook, the flexibility of the program, real-life prospects, the lack of involvement of non-programmers in the program preparation process, the attention to urban problems, and the lack of emphasis on the production of planning standards, etc. Given that most of the factors affecting the formation and dynamics of cities are dynamic and gradual, changes are affected by the areas under study and may even change from city to city. Therefore, it is suggested that different parts of the city be considered for optimal parameters of cellular automation and compared with each other. This modeling helps designers, planners, managers and other researchers to be able to predict the status of cities and other land use changes in the future.