نشریه مدیریت و توسعه ورزش
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 11، پاییز 1396)

The aim of this study was to design an instrument to assess human resource productivity of Iran sports federations using factor analysis.
This was a descriptive-analytical study that data was collected by field method. The sample was 251 employees in the team and individual sports federations in 2014. The content validity of instrument was verified by expert panel method and the construct validity was measured using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the reliability was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha method (α=0.98).
The results presented a six-dimension questionnaire including 12-itms management factor, 11-items economics and environment, 11-items organizational factor, 8-items mental factor, 8-items social and cultural factor and finally 3-items individual factor. Also, the fit indexes (CMIN/DF=2.854, RMSEA=0.086) defined the model fit.
Regarding the high reliability and validity, the designed instrument can be used to measure human resource productivity in sports federations. Identifying the factors affecting productivity and their impact magnitude can improve human resource productivity in sports federations. To assess the instrument validity, we offer to use this instrument in the research about other sports organizations too.

The aim of this research was to explain and analyze the effective factors on progress of the Iran volleyball at the championship level.
The research was done using the qualitative approach and content analysis method. The required information was obtained from literature review and the interviews with experts of volleyball. The study population included managers of volleyball federation and clubs, the coaches and players of volleyball clubs and the national volleyball team players, as well as expert professors in the field of volleyball. Sampling was purposive and the 18 deep and semi-structured interviews were conducted to achieve theoretical saturation. The data was analyzed in three levels of open, axial and selective coding.
In the analysis of data, six factors were detected as effective factors on the progress of the Iran volleyball; strategic planning and management, efficient coaches, talent identification process, investment into youth grassroots teams, financial and material resources, training camps and friendly fixtures. Also experts stressed on financial and moral support of coaches and national champions as an important gap.
Regarding the explained factors, financial and moral support of coaches and national champions in particular, can contribute to further progress of the Iran volleyball in addition to stabilization of the existing status. Also, the explained factors can be used as a plan and road map by other sports federations in order to faster progress.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the propensity for superstition among football players in Iran.
It is an applied and field study. Research population included the whole Iran pro league footballers (N=420). The sample size was 203 players selected by Cochran's Q formula. The tool was a structured questionnaire whose validity and reliability were verified. The statistical tests consisted of Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and multiple regressions using SPSS software.
Results showed that the propensity for superstition generally had average value (average size = 41%). There was significant relationship between indexes of education, marital status, match uncertainty, match result’s importance, pre-game anxiety, ethnicity, and birthplace with the propensity for superstition (p Rise in educational level and match anxiety reduction can significantly influence the reduction of propensity for superstition.

The aim of this study was to analyze the quality function deployment in faculty of physical education and sports science of Kharazmi university based on SERVQUAL model.
The survey was descriptive-applied and the data collection was mixed method (quantitative and qualitative). The study population included all students (N=850) in the first and second semester of 2013-2014. For interviews, statistical sample was selected by non-probability sampling and continued to reach theoretical saturation (n=32). Stratified random sampling was used to select individuals who would respond survey questionnaire and sample size was determined by Cochran’s Q formula (n=265). After in-depth and semi-structured interviews, the 114 needs were detected as customer voices in faculty of physical education and sports science of Kharazmi university. After classification and summarizing of the needs using SERVQUAL, a 50-items questionnaire was prepared in two dimensions of the expected quality and perceived quality including five components which were human resources quality, training services, research services, welfare services and administrative and management services.
The results of descriptive and inferential test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman and paired-samples t-test) represented a significant negative gap in all detected needs and components. Moreover, customers’ expectations and percetions were ranked too.
In total, with regard to the results, the officials of physical education and sports science faculty are recommended to bridge the gap between expectations and perceptions of students. Through this way, they can develop the service quality in the faculty of physical education and sports science.

Nowadaysone of the most common strategies that have been developed by organizations is to execute loyalty programs to retain customers.Therefore, the research purpose is to examine what kind of attitudinal or behavioral loyalty has more predictability for the spectator's purchase behavior.
Due to lack of access to databases related to all the Tractor Sazisspectator information, the spectators who came to the Yadegar-e-Emam Tabriz stadium to watch team’s match were considered as convenience sample. The research method was applied based on purpose and correlative based on data collection. The correlation test and regression test were used as statistical methods. Data was collected by two questionnaires including Mahony’s loyalty questionnaire (2000) and Kim’s Purchase Behavior questionnaire (2008). Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.
The results demonstrated the significant positive relationship between attitudinal and behavioral loyalty with purchase behavior of spectators. Also, the attitudinal loyalty component had more predictability than behavioral loyalty to predict purchase behavior of spectators.
Because the attitudinal loyalty size was more than behavioral loyalty size, club managers must make situation easier for spectators to attend the stadium and to access easily to club information and events. Consequently, the potential loyalty or attitudinal loyalty of spectators turns to a behavioral loyalty or loyalty in action. Finally it leads to purchase behavior resulting in organizational benefit and meeting customers’ needs.

The aim of this research was to design a development model of the sport for all in Hormozgan province.
It was an analytical survey. The research population included all the experts in sport for all (lecturers at universities, managers, experts and coaches) in Hormozgan province. The number of 241 participants was selected in order to be interviewed to make a final model. The instrument was a structured questionnaire designed according to the theoretical studies (library study method) and experimental way (interview). The main dimensions included the environmental dimension, management dimension, resource dimension and behavioral which the questionnaire had 66 items in general. Face and content validity was confirmed by experts (15 people), reliability was measured by Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.94) and construct validity was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling using Amos 20 software.
The factor analysis defined the theoretical construction fit. The path analysis of dimensions about sport for all development indicated that the environmental dimension influenced 0.90 of the management dimension, 0.56 of the resource dimension and 0.45 of the behavioral dimension. Moreover, the management dimension influenced 0.97 of the behavioral dimension, and 0.91 of the resource dimension. Finally, the resource dimension influenced 0.66 of the behavioral dimension.
According to the findings, the development of sport for all in Hormozgan province depends on the environmental factors, managerial factors, resource and finally behavioral factors. Therefore, the policies to develop sport for all should be in line with the defined and analyzed model.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the professional competence of Urmia physical education teachers based on current and desired condition.
The study is a descriptive-correlational study and sample which are randomly selected consists of 175 male and female physical education teachers in elementary, middle and secondary schools of Urmia city. The research tool was structured questionnaire with appropriate validity and reliability (0.96).
The results of data analysis using paired t-test showed that there is difference among the management component, leadership component, learning environment component, monitoring and evaluation component, planning and professional development component in current condition and desired condition. In the legal responsibilities component, the significant difference was not observed between current and desired condition. In the teaching component, teachers had the necessary skill (P The results suggest some differences in current and desired condition of professional competence of Urmia physical education teachers. It is recommended that the authorities reduce these differences using effective methods of training such as in-service courses and workshops.

The purpose of this study was the strategic analysis of Golestan province’s football and formulation of suitable strategies.
This descriptive-analytical research has been conducted with an applied purpose. The statistical population included all Golestan province’s football experts. Through purposive sampling, the sample was selected out of managers, experts of organizations and boards, school and university sport educators, and veteran players, coaches and referees (n=50). The research tool included Rostami et al.’s questionnaire (2014) whose (content) validity was confirmed by experts. The instrument was reported with high reliability (=α0.95). To analyze data and find the suitable strategies, the external and internal factors evaluation matrix were used.
The good number of football schools in the province, undesirable quality of football fields, plenty of talented people, and the changed life style towards the lack of physical activity and machine life were identified as the most important strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat respectively. Additionally, according to the matrix of internal factors (2.32) and matrix of external factors (1.92), the strategic position of Golestan province’s football is the WT strategy.
According to the results of SWOT analysis matrix, it is necessary to employ stability strategy or defensive strategy in managing football development in Golestan province. Therefore, the strategies to make comprehensive privatization system, make and implement of comprehensive recruiting system, train and develop specialist, increase financial resources and credit of football board, help to develop football without corruption have been identified and proposed to remove current condition of football in Golestan province.

The purpose of study was to identify the effective factors on Mazandaran spectators’ attendance in volleyball league.
According to data collection, it was a descriptive survey. The statistical population included all the spectators in 2012-13 season of the men's volleyball premier league in competitions between Kaleh volleyball team with Saipa volleyball team, Matin Varamin volleyball team and Peykan volleyball team. There were 361 (persons) selected as the sample size based on Morgan’s table. Data collection tool was a 26-items structured questionnaire including the effective factors on spectators’ attendance in terms of economics, attractiveness of the game, priorities of spectators, and facilities. Validity was confirmed by nine physical education experts and reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.85). In this study, descriptive statistics was used for classifying and summarizing the findings. Moreover, the inferential statistics (t-test using the SPSS software and structural equation modeling in LISREL software) was used to analyze data.
According to the results of t-test, attractiveness of the game, priorities of spectators and facilities factors were significantly related to spectators’ attendance tendency. But, the economics factor does not have an impact on spectators’ attendance (p Considering the attractiveness, priorities of spectators, and facilities, as well as an accurate and comprehensive planning to improve these factors can play a big role to attract the spectators to the volleyball clubs.

In contrast to job design, job crafting is staff-based and it makes work meaningful. Regarding lack of exact questionnaire to evaluate this phenomenon, this research has been conducted with aim of localizing the job crafting scale (JCS) in sport.
There were 191 staff in the ministry of youth affairs and sports randomly selected by Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) and they responded to 21 items questionnaire of job crafting scale by Tims et al (2012). Also, initial face validity and reliability of questionnaire were confirmed by 17 professors as well as some individuals of statistical sample.
The exploratory factor analysis showed that the four components including rise of structural job resources, decline of hindering job demands, rise of social job resources, and rise of challenging job demands reflected job crafting of sport human resource (accounting for 64% of the total variance) excluding item 6 and item 21. In particular, rise of social job resources component was the strongest component of job crafting in the sport human resources (R2= 0.65).
The researchers can use the 19-items job crafting scale to do research in the scope of sport human resource.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity and social health of Talesh citizens.
In this study, were selected 380 residents of the Talesh city using cluster sampling with PPS (Probability Proportional to Size). Data collection instrument included Physical Activity Scale for the healthy lifestyle and Keyes’s social health (1998). The content and face validity of the instrument was approved and Cronbach's alpha’s value is 0.75 which is desirable.
Findings showed that the men’s social health mean score (M=38.08) diffiered significantly from women’s (M=36.58).The married people’s social health mean score (37.53) was also higher than the single’s (M=37.35). Furthermore, the men’s physical activity mean score (M=9.37, SD=2.101) diffiered significantly from women’s (M=8.86, SD=1.855). There was significant relationship between physical activity and social health as well as its dimensions so the more physical activity is the higher social health and the dimensions are.
According to the results, it is claimed that the promotion, enrichment and development of physical activity lead to the more social health and finally the population of the society is healthy and normal.

The main goal of this research was to design and formulate the development strategies for indigenous traditional sports in Baluchestan.
The statistical population of this study was all athletes, experts, referees, coaches, administrators and specialists of indigenous traditional sport in Baluchestan. The sample size (n= 370) is obtained using Morgan Table and it was based on stratified random sampling. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test (Z=3.7) also showed that the data distribution is normal (P The research data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test, Friedman test, and SWOT.
After examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the assessment matrix of internal and external factors about the indigenous traditional sports in Baluchestan indicated that general directorate of Youth and Sport rural/tribal sports delegations in Sistan and Baluchestan province should consider the WO (conservative) strategy for developing the indigenous traditional sports in this province.