Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research
Volume:10 Issue: 1, Mar 2018

The relentlessly beating heart has the greatest oxygen consumption of any organ in the body at rest reflecting its huge metabolic turnover and energetic demands. The vast majority of its energy is produced and cycled in form of ATP which stems mainly from oxidative phosphorylation occurring at the respiratory chain in the mitochondria. A part from energy production, the respiratory chain is also the main source of reactive oxygen species and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of oxidative stress. Dysfunction of the respiratory chain is therefore found in most common heart conditions. The pathophysiology of mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in hereditary cardiac mitochondrial disease, the aging heart, in LV hypertrophy and heart failure, and in ischaemia-reperfusion injury is reviewed. We introduce the practicing clinician to the complex physiology of the respiratory chain, highlight its impact on common cardiac disorders and review translational pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies.

This study aimed at evaluating knowledge and awareness of hypertension and the risk factors for hypertension among hypertensive patients.
In this study, 110 hypertensive patients were enrolled and filled out two self-administered questionnaires. The first questionnaire was about the demographic characteristics and the second one was about the knowledge (n = 10), attitude (n = 9) and practice (n = 8). The internal consistency and the stability of the questionnaires were approved. The Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis.
Seventy-three percent of participants know the normal range of hypertension. Most of the participants truly knew that stress (87.3%), obesity (70.9%) and aging (48.2%) are risk factors for hypertension. About 60% of participants knew the complications of uncontrolled hypertension. About 82.7% of participants believed that after adaptation of body to hypertension, there is no need to use antihypertensive drug. About 13.6% of participants measured their blood pressure daily and 11.8% of them measured it once a month. The educational level of participants was significantly associated with knowledge score (P = 0.01). There was a significant correlation between knowledge (P These findings have important implications for developing proper and continuous self-management hypertension education programs in Iran which should mostly emphasize on the practical information about control and prevention programs.

Premature coronary heart disease (PCHD) affects public health and leads to death. PCHD has several genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of this study was to analysis of the mutations in exon 10 of MEFV gene in patients with PCHD in West Azerbaijan province of Iran.
Totally 41 PCHD patients who were admitted to the cardiology unit of Sayedoshohada hospital (Urmia, Iran) enrolled in the study. Selection of the patients was done based on the strict criteria, that is, who had a minimum of one angiographically documented coronary artery with the stenosis of 50%. Mutations in exon 10 of MEFV gene were found by direct sequencing.
V726A, M680I, K695R, and A744S mutations with 2.44%, 1.22%, 1.22%, and 1.22%, allelic frequency were found, respectively. Five patients (12.2%) with PCHD carried at least one mutated MEFV allele. Heterozygote V726A was the most frequent mutation among tested cases (4.88%), followed by heterozygote M680I, heterozygote K695R, and heterozygote A744S.
The results of the present study imply that the frequency of the MEFV gene exon 10 is significantly high in PCHD patients. This is the first report in its own kind in clinically diagnosed PCHD pa­tients of Iranian Azeri Turkish population.

Evaluating patient satisfaction with self-care program can increase the likelihood of complying with treatment. There is no valid and reliable tool to be used in measuring Iranian patient’s satisfaction with self-care program. So, this study intends to develop the patient satisfaction questionnaire in the context of cardiac rehabilitation and test its validity and reliability in Iranian patients.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to develop and validate the patient satisfaction with self-care program questionnaire using structural modeling. A total of 155 cardiovascular patients referring to cardiovascular rehabilitation center in Isfahan were participated in this study. Construct and criterion validity, and test-retest reliability were used to validate the scale.
After reviewing literature and receiving expert’ comments for items pooling as well as conducting exploratory factor analysis, 10 statements in the model remained which are loaded on 2 factors. These 2 subscales explained about 63 percent of variance of all constructs. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ranged between 0.87 and 0.89 for the whole questionnaires and its subscales. Besides, scale had excellent stability (intraclass correlation = 0.86). Criterion validity analyzed through correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between the current scale and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ11). CFA revealed an acceptable overall fit for two-factor model.
The scale integrated 10 items in two dimension including patient satisfaction with rehabilitation program and patient satisfaction with personnel of rehabilitation team. In total, most of the psychometric properties of the 10-item patient satisfaction with self-care program scale achieved the standard level and were sufficient to recommend for cardiac rehabilitation settings.

Our aim was to perform a comparative study of short-term cardiovascular autonomic control in cardiac surgery patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or surgical correction of valvular heart disease (SCVHD).
The synchronous 15 minutes records of heart rate variability (HRV) and finger’s photoplethysmographic waveform variability (PPGV) were performed in 42 cardiac surgery patients (12 women) aged 61.8 ± 8.6 years (mean ± standard deviation), who underwent CABG, and 36 patients (16 women) aged 54.2 ± 14.9 years, who underwent SCVHD, before surgery and in 5-7 days after surgery. Conventional time and frequency domain measures of HRV and index S of synchronization between the slow oscillations in PPGV and HRV were analyzed. We also calculated personal dynamics of these indices after surgery.
We found no differences (Р > 0.05) in all studied autonomic indices (preoperative and post-surgery) between studied patients’ groups, except for the preoperative heart rate, which was higher in patients who underwent SCVHD (P = 0.013). We have shown a pronounced preoperative and post-surgery variability (magnitude of inter-quartile ranges) of all autonomic indices in studied patients. In the cluster analysis based on cardiovascular autonomic indices (preoperative and post-surgery), we divided all patients into two clusters (38 and 40 subjects) which did not differ in all clinical characteristics (except for the preoperative hematocrit, P = 0.038), index S, and all post-surgery HRV indices. First cluster (38 patients) had higher preoperative values of the HR, TP, HF, and HF%, and lower preoperative values of the LF% and LF/HF.
The variability of cardiovascular autonomic indices in on-pump cardiac surgery patients (two characteristic clusters were identified based on preoperative indices) was not associated with their clinical characteristics and features of surgical procedure (including cardioplegia).

Stroke is one of the important causes of death and disability in Iran. This study aimed to examine the factors influencing the short-term mortality of stroke in Northwest of Iran.
Study population were all patients with confirming the diagnosis of the first-ever stroke who were hospitalized in two referral teaching hospitals from October 2013 to March 2015. They were followed up to 30 days after onset of stroke. A neurology year three resident was responsible for extracting the clinical data and assessment of stroke severity on admission using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and information about risk factors and socio-demographic factors were collected using face to face interview. Data were analysed using Cox proportional regression by STATA software version 14.
A total of 1036 consecutive patients with first-ever stroke were included in this study. Of them, 228 patients (22%) died within 30 days after stroke accordance. Advanced age was significantly associated with a hazard for early mortality (HR=1.05 95% CI 1.09–1.04), the inverse was true for education level; mortality decreased as the education level increased; it was 25.7 percent among illiterate and 14.3 among patients with higher education. The NIHSS score on admission for 30-days mortality and hemorrhagic stroke were associated with HR=1.11 (95% CI 1.09–1.13) and HR= 1.65 (95% CI 1.15–2.36) respectively.
Advanced age, stroke subtype and high NIHSS score are the independent predictors of early mortality in this study. This provides important implications for the clinicians to target the high-risk patients for the specific therapies and management strategies.

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are structural cardiovascular malformations that arise from abnormal development of the heart during the prenatal life. Mutations in the TBX5 gene, encoding T-box transcription factor, are a major cause of CHD. To evaluate the TBX5 mutations in hotspot exons in sporadic pediatric patients with CHD phenotypes, analytical case/control study performed in an Iranian cohort of unrelated patients with clinical diagnosis of congenital heart malformations.
We investigated TBX5 coding exons 4, 5, 6 and 7 in 95 sporadic patients with CHD phenotypes and compared to 82 healthy controls using PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing approaches.
We report here on a novel and heterozygote Non-sense mutation in exon 5 of TBX5, E128X (G14742T), in two Iranian children. This mutation locates inside the T-box and both of pediatric patients carrying this novel mutation suffer from severe heart malformations. The G14742T mutation leads to the substitution of glutamic acid (E) by stop codon (X) at residue 128, an evolutionarily conserved position in T-box as well as in other species. The non-sense mutation of E128X was predicted to be pathogenic by Mutation Taster and Polyphen software programs.
TBX5 E128X mutation results in a translational premature stop. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly and which cannot bind to other transcription factors; therefore, haploinsufficiency of TBX5 protein is presumably causing the severe cardiac malformations in these patients.

No-reflow is one of the major complications of primary PCI in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. This phenomenon is associated with adverse outcomes in these patients. In the current study, we evaluated the effectiveness of CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting no-reflow phenomenon. CHA2DS2-VASc score is a risk stratification method to estimate the risk of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation.
In total, 396 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction who had undergone primary PCI were evaluated in our study. Based on post interventional TIMI flow rate results, the patients were divided into two groups: control group (294 patients) and no-reflow group (102 patients). The CHA2DS2-VASc score was calculated for each participant. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive value of this score.
Our findings showed that CHA2DS2-VASc score can predict no-reflow independently (odds ratio: 3.06, 95%, confidence interval: 2.23-4.21, P The CHA2DS2-VASc score could be used as a simple applicable tool in the prediction of no-reflow before primary PCI in the acute ST elevation myocardial infarction patients.

Pericardial effusion after midline cardiac surgery may be transudative or exudative. The exudative infective or haemorrhagic variety requires early surgical intervention. However there are rare cases of collections like chylomediastinum which should be ruled out. Their low incidence prompts to establish protocol for evaluating postoperative pericardial collections, which includes echocardiography and biochemical analysis of aspirate. The same is important from the perspective of management as chylopericardium may be successfully managed without surgical intervention by aspiration, pig tail insertion, dietary and medical management, which we demonstrate through our rare case which occurred after midline double valve replacement.