Archives of Breast Cancer
Volume:5 Issue: 2, May 2018

Women with atypical hyperplasia are about 4 times more likely to develop breast cancer compared with the general population. Atypical hyperplasia has been recommended to be used as a criterion for the inclusion of women in chemoprevention programs. Chemoprevention offers promise as a strategy for reducing the incidence of breast cancer in high-risk population.
A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases using the search terms “breast atypia,” “chemoprevention,” and “risk-reducing therapy” for papers published from 1966 to Aug 2017. The search was limited to English-language papers and human studies. It yielded 114 search items. Article selection for possible inclusion was performed using the title and abstract. Finally, 12 studies were identified as eligible for inclusion in the review.
The rates of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) ranged from a low of 2 per 10000 mammograms in 1995 to a high of 6 per 10000 mammograms in 2011. Lobular neoplasia was an incidental finding in 0.5%–3.5% of core biopsies. True incidence of lobular neoplasia is unknown. Women with atypical breast lesions have a 5%–11% risk of developing breast cancer within 5 years and a 17%–26% risk of developing breast cancer within 10 years. The reported risk of breast cancer with atypical hyperplasia (ADH and ALH are often grouped together) is approximately 19% within 15 years. It is believed that the initiation of chemoprevention would be appropriate if the 10-year breast cancer risk is 4% to 8%. Breast cancer risk reduction by chemoprevention is reported to be 32% to 55% in breast atypia.
According to our findings, patients with a diagnosis of ADH, ALH, or severe ADH should be considered for chemoprevention if they are at least 35 years of age and have no contraindications to treatment. Only 4%–20% of high-risk women decide to take chemoprevention, on average.

For many years, the acceptable margins of the resections for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has been 2 mm, although, in some reports and the recent updates of some guidelines, the closer margins are also declared as acceptable in some circumstances. Despite these new recommendations, the safe margin in DCIS remains a matter of controversy in many institutional and national guidelines.
A woman with invasive breast cancer with associated DCIS presented to our clinic. She underwent breast-conserving surgery, and pathology report showed one focus of DCIS at a distance of Question: The question was whether the patient should be operated again to obtain more extensive margins for DCIS or the radiation therapy would be enough as the next step in her treatment.
According to the latest published guidelines, the members of panel decided to accept the margin and informed the patient about the risk of recurrence and the need for adjuvant radiotherapy and follow-up modalities.

Despite being a frequent plastic surgery complaint, the causes and predisposing factors for breast ptosis have not been studied profoundly. Studying ptosis causative factors will improve prevention, patient select and education, surgical outcome, and patient education. The present study aims to demonstrate the potential predisposing factors for breast ptosis.
In a 6-month study was conducted at the research department of Kaviani Breast Diseases Institute, Tehran, Iran, all female patients referring to the breast clinic were assessed. Patients with a background of severe comorbidities, history of breast surgery, and breast cancer were excluded. Data on demographic characteristics, current and past medical history, physical examination, and ptosis presence grade were collected.
A total number of 141 patients, with the mean age of 35.8 years, were included. About 72% of the patients had varying grades of breast ptosis. Patients with ptosis tended to be of older age, weight, BMI, and brassiere size, were more likely to be menopausal, and had begun wearing brassiere at younger ages. The ordinal model revealed an association between ptosis and age, age at wearing brassiere, current breast size, and smaller cup size in patients.
We suggest age and breast size as the predisposing factors for breast ptosis. In our study, there was no relation between breast ptosis and history of lactation or the number of pregnancies. The effects of hormonal and menstrual status, as well as drinking and smoking habits, need to be investigated further.

A growing body of evidence suggests a possible role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of a subset of breast cancers, with many of these studies highlighting an increased association between EBV and aggressive forms of breast carcinoma. This study aimed to further investigate this issue by assessing the possible association between EBV and the Her2ﱄ and Triple negative sub types of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).
An immunohistochemical marker for EBV (Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) clone E1-2.5) was applied to tissue micro array sections. The tissue micro array's contained 58 cases of Her2ﱄ IDC, 57 cases of triple negative IDC and 67 cases of luminal like IDC. Each case was scored as positive or negative for nuclear expression of EBNA1 in tumour cells using standard light microscopy. Clinical and pathological details where noted for each case, as was the nuclear expression of NFκB p50.
EBV infection was apparent in 43.2% of all cases. By subtype EBV was evident in 31 (57.4%) Her2ﱄ cases, 28 (49.1%) triple negative cases, and 14 (24.1%) luminal like cases; with a significant association being noted between the Her2ﱄ and triple negative cases and EBV infection (P 0.001). This association was primarily linked with ER negativity, Her2 status showed no significant association with EBV infection. There were no significant associations with other clinical and pathological characteristics. Of the 53 cases demonstrating NFκB p50 nuclear staining, 37 (69.8%) were also infected by EBV (P This study provides evidence that EBV is associated with aggressive subtypes of IDC (Her2ﱄ and triple negative) as well as providing evidence for a link between EBV and NFκB p50 nuclear expression, although the nature of these associations remains unclear.

Endometriosis is a common chronic inflammatory, estrogen-dependent disease with characteristics similar to cancer. Epidemiological studies of the association between endometriosis and breast cancer have yielded inconsistent results. The present study aimed to investigate the association between endometriosis and breast cancer risk factors.
This case-control study (with 222 persons in each group) was conducted in Arash Women's Hospital from 2014 to 2017. Women with laparoscopically proven endometriosis were considered as cases. Controls were selected from women who had previous laparoscopic surgery due to any reason, and the absence of endometriosis was confirmed in them.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis by considering the risk factors (age, body mass index, gravidity, age at first pregnancy, age at menarche, history of breast-feeding, history of oral contraceptive and hormone use, history of miscarriage and induced abortion, breast cancer in first-degree relatives, and physical activity) revealed that endometriosis was positively association with age at first pregnancy (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08-1.25; P Women with endometriosis have some of the breast cancer risk factors in their history, and these risk factors (gravidity, age at first pregnancy, history of breast-feeding, and OCP or hormone use) can change the risk of endometriosis as they increase or decrease the risk of breast cancer.

The essential oils of traditional medicinal plants, including Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus vulgaris L., and Lavender x intermedia contain anticancer compounds such as lavandulyl acetate, rosmarinic acid and thymol. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of the essential oils of R. officinalis, T. vulgaris L., and L. x intermedia on MCF-7 cells.
Essential oils were prepared from R. officinalis, T. vulgaris L., and L. x intermedia plants. Then, MCF-7 and Hu02 cells were treated with different concentrations of these essential oils for a given time. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the cellular viability and cytotoxicity in response to treatment with different extract concentrations. The morphological changes were studied by Hoechst and propidium iodide staining. The results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey test.
All three essential oils inhibited the viability of the MCF-7 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. T. vulgaris L. was more potent against MCF-7 cells at 400 µg/ml concentration (IC50 = 48.01 ± 0.94), while R. officinalis was moderate at 800 µg/ml concentration (IC50 = 47.39±0.91) and the concentration for L. x intermedia was 400 µg/ml (IC50 = 47.39 ± 0.91).
R. officinalis, T. vulgaris L. and L. x intermedia show cytotoxic activity against breast cancer in vitro. T. vulgaris represents a potentially selective cytostatic factor and a safe target for future development of anticancer agents.

Viral nanoparticles are biodegradable, biocompatible, self-assembling, and highly symmetric, and can be produced in large quantities. Several plant viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have been exploited in different areas of nanobiotechnology, especially drug delivery in cancer therapy. In this study, a flexuous plant virus called potato virus X (PVX) is presented with a unique nanoarchitecture which can increase tumor homing and penetration. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential of PVX for delivering Herceptin (HER) in different breast cancer cells and normal cells.
PVX was conjugated to HER by EDC/Sulfo-NHS in two steps. After confirming the conjugation, PVX-HER efficacy and drug activity were investigated in HER2-positive (SKBR3 and SKOV3), HER2-negative (MCF-7 and MDA-MBA-21), and non-tumorigenic epithelia breast cancer (MCF-12A) cell lines after treatment with 10 and 20 µg of the drug. Then, PVX-HER was imaged in SKBR3 cells in to study the nuclear accumulation of the drug at different concentrations.
An increased cytotoxic efficiency was observed for PVX-HER vs free-HER in SKBR3 and SKOV3 cell lines. However, the efficacy of PVX-HER failed to increase in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-12A cell lines compared with free-HER after 24 hours. In addition, compared with free-HER, Herceptin nuclear accumulation was increased in SKBR3 cells treated with PVX-HER. Further, the PVX-HER treatment resulted in reduced tumor growth in the HER2-positive cells lines. Finally, a direct relationship was observed between the imaging results and MTT assay in SKBR3.
PVX-HER displays a significantly greater cytotoxic activity compared with free-HER in HER2-positive cells.