Journal of Health Sciences and Technology
Volume:1 Issue: 4, Dec 2017

Nowadays, different methods are applied for the removal of heavy metals from the aqueous resources that the adsorption process is one of them. The chromium VI is one of the most prevalent contaminants which create serious difficulties; so, it should be removed from the contaminated waters by an effective method before being leaved into the environment. The present research investigated the use of dried powder of activated sludge of Kavirtire wastewater treatment plant as bio sorbent for removal of chromium (VI).
In the present experimental study, the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, primary concentration of metal and contact time on the removal of chromium (VI) from the aqueous solutions were studied. Then, the equations of isotherm and adsorption kinetic were specified based on the optimal conditions. The absorbent features were analyzed by SEM and EDX techniques.
The maximum efficiency of the removal of chromium (VI) at pH 2, optimal dose of 5 g/L, contact time of 60 min and with primary concentration of 15 mg/L was reported 99.83 percent. The study of relation of the isotherm and kinetic in the reaction revealed that the process of adsorptions of chromium follows the Freundlich model (R2=0.90) and the pseudo- second order kinetic model (R2= 1), respectively.
The dried powder of activated sludge can be applied as a proper adsorbent for the removal of Chromium VI from the aqueous resources.

Treatment adherence is proposed as a challenge in diabetes care. The present study was performed aiming to determine the treatment adherence and factors related to it based on the health belief model
In a cross-sectional study type, 205 type 2 diabetic people who referred to Tabriz Diabetes Centers were selected by simple random sampling and entered the study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, factors impacting on the treatment adherence based on the health belief model and treatment adherence behavior. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) by using statistical independent t-test and one way ANOVA at a significant level less than 0.05.
The mean and standard deviation of the people under survey were 53.2 ± 9.5 years and the duration to get diabetes was 6.6 ± 4.5 years. They were about 66.8% women, 24.9% illiterate, and 9.3% had diploma and were academics. The mean of HbA1c was (7.4 ± 1.3), and had about 39% poor treatment adherence. The treatment adherence had significant relationship with perceived severity (R=0.14), sensitivity (R=0.13), benefits (R=0.31), barriers (R=0.47) and HbA1c (R= -0.44). The health belief model structures of perceived benefits (ß=0.17), barriers (ß=0.39) and HbA1c (ß=0.21) predicted about 29% of the treatment adherence variance.
Educational interventions based on the health belief model with emphasis on perceived benefits and barriers can be helpful for treatment adherence in people with diabetes.

Overriding heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes in prevalence, arthritis stands as the most common disease among the elderly. Studies fail to show a coherent study regarding the knowledge, attitude towards, and preventive behaviors against arthritis among middle-aged women. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the perceptions of and preventive behaviors against arthritis among middle-aged women in Birjand city.
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 325 randomly selected women aged 29-59 years who referred to the Birjand-based healthcare centers. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that covered demographics and items on knowledge, attitude, and performance. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data was analyzed in SPSS-19 using binomial test.
The mean age of the women was 39.1±8.4 years. Most of the participants (37%) had primary or secondary school degrees. The mean score of perception constructs were evaluated as follows: perceived susceptibility construct was desirable with a score of 19.5±2.9; perceived severity was desirable scored at 30.3±0.7; perceived benefits was desirable at 17.6±2.6, perceived barriers construct was at a moderate level scored at 25.4±6.3; self-efficacy at 29.7±7.5 was desirable; and performance was moderate at 7.7±2.8.
According to the results, it is suggested that educational classes be held with the aim of improving the perceptions and behavior of middle-aged women concerning preventive behaviors against arthritis.

Fertility in Iran has declined dramatically over the last three decades. The rapid decline in fertility in Iran has taken place in all geographical areas and in all social and demographic subgroups. This study aims to evaluate the fertility trend in Sabzevar’s towns and villages during a 13 year period.
The present study is a descriptive-analytic one. The information about fertility was obtained from Sabzevar Health Department according to the age groups and the proportion of married women on an annual basis for urban and rural areas separately. The indexes of fertility rate and age-specific fertility were calculated by using Excel software. The data were analyzed using joinpoint regression 3.4 software at a significance level of P The results of the study showed that in all of the years of the study the total fertility rate in urban areas was higher than in rural areas. The total fertility rate in rural areas has risen from 1.97 in 2002 by 1.5% annual growth to 2.28 in 2014. In urban areas, the fertility rate has reached 2.31 in 2002, with a mean annual increase of 1.7%, to 2.63 in the year 2014. The highest percentage of annual increase in urban and rural areas has occurred in the age group of 15 to 19 years. Furthermore, family planning policies in Iran have had a significant impact on increasing fertility in the age group of 20 to 24 years.
Although the overall fertility rate in Sabzevar is almost at the replacement rate, due to the demographic policies of the country – which is aimed at increasing the fertility rate –, it is recommended that, along with the implementation and the continuous monitoring of these comprehensive health policies in this city, health care policymakers perform some programs to reduce pregnancy in high-risk age groups.

Organizational commitment as an attitude and working method can have beneficial consequences for planning, organizing, increasing the efficiency, high performance, reducing absenteeism and delay, and specialized, committed human resources, and consistent with organizational goals have tendency towards the organization membership and work beyond their assigned duties. Therefore, this study was conducted aiming to determine the ratio of organizational commitment and its related factors among the employees working in hospitals affiliated to the Zabol University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive-analytical study of cross-sectional type was performed on 152 employees working in hospitals affiliated to the Zabol University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tool in this research was Allen and Meyer organizational commitment questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software and independent t-test and one way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation coefficient were used and significance level was considered as 0.05.
In this study, 152 people were investigated, that 68 (44.7%) people were female and 84 (55.3%) people were male. The mean age of participants and work experience was equal to 31.76±7.51 and 7.38±6.88 years, respectively. There was a significant difference between organizational commitment and normative commitment of people with various employment statuses; there was a significant and negative relationship between education and organizational commitment.
According to the results of study, managers should increase commitment (paying attention to the competency and merit of employees in assigning duties to them and identifying their ability and talent) to drive the hospital towards its real "Maintaining, Retrieving and Promoting Health

Low back pain is one of the serious health problems in communities. It is the third common cause for medical visits after upper respiratory tract and headache. Based on the studies conducted in this regard, low back pain has different distribution in various kinds of job groups, and most researchers argue that this problem is correlated with job type of individuals. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of low back pain and affecting factors in employees of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on all employees in the deputies of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2016. The data were collected using Quebec standard questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS19 software and descriptive and analytical statistics of Mann-Whitney, Logistic regression, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman at a significant level of α=0.05.
216 people (120 females and 96 males) were examined in this study. Out of 216 people, 184 were married and 32 were single. The mean age of employees was 36.36 ± 8.27 years, their mean weight was 70.04 ± 13.66 kg, their mean BMI was 13.4±43.25, their mean hours of sitting behind desk at workplace was 6.25±1.56 hours, and their mean low back pain score was 19.7 ± 17.15. The highest age group was between 30 and 40 years and 60.6% of them had a history of low back pain. Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference between the mean scores of low back pain in terms of gender (p=0.008) and history of low back pain in a person (p The results of the study showed that as the employment history of the employee increases, their low back pain also increases. Additionally, a small percentage of employees used stretching exercises between their working hours. Thus, given their tendency to manage educational classes, it is necessary to provide educational interventions for them to perform physical activities in order to prevent low back pain in the employees.

Dysentery is an inflammatory bowel disease infected by microorganisms, which invade the intestinal mucosa. Given the high incidence of dysentery in Darmian city, this research was carried out with the aim of determining the epidemiologic profile of this disease and its related factors in Darmian city during the years 2012-2016.
This descriptive study was conducted on 282 patients with dysentery during the years 2012-2016 in Darmian city. The data collection tool was individual examination form completed in the diseases surveillance system, approved by Diseases Control of Ministry Center of Health and Medical Education. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software and Chi-square test and significance level was considered P The results revealed that the highest rate of this disease was seen in 2015 with rate of 169.83 per 100000 people and the lowest rate of it was seen in 2013 with rate of 63.81 per 100000 people. This disease was seen more in rural areas (65.2%) and in summer (40.1%) and spring (38.3%) seasons. Most of the patients with dysentery were living in villages with health home (42%) and urban areas (34%).Housewives (29.4%) accounted for the highest rate of this disease and majority of the patients were treated as outpatient (93.3%). Most of the patients used safe water (94%) and had a healthy sewage collection system (94.7%).
It seems to be an essential to design and implement interventional and educational programs for those groups of people, who are at high risk of this disease, especially housewives and villagers, in order to prevent and control this disease.