مجله دانشکده دندان پزشکی اصفهان
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 65، زمستان 1397)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of several anticariogenic agents on preventing enamel demineralization. In this in vitro study, 60 intact premolar teeth were selected and divided mesiodistally into two halves to provide 120 specimens. The specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups of 15 each. In groups 1 and 2, a cream containing casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate and fluoride (MI Paste Plus), in groups 3 and 4, a cream containing hydroxyapatite and fluoride (Remin Pro), in groups 5 and 6, a sodium fluoride gel (NaF) and in groups 7 and 8, artificial saliva were used. The duration of exposure to the anticariogenic agents was 5 minutes in groups 1, 3, 5 and 7, whereas in groups 2, 4, 6 and 8, the period of exposure was 30 minutes. This procedure was performed daily for 4 days and the specimens were kept in distilled water between treatments. Then, the specimens were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 21 days. Finally, a VistaCam iX apparatus was employed to take fluorescent images from the specimens and the mineral content of the teeth was recorded. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20, using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significance level of p value < 0.05. There were no significant differences in mineral contents of the teeth between the study groups at the application periods of 5 or 30 minutes (p value > 0.05). Comparison of the mineral contents of the teeth between the two application periods of 5 and 30 minutes indicated no significant differences in any of the study groups (p value > 0.05). Under the conditions of this study, the effect of MI Paste Plus, Remin Pro or NaF with the application periods of 5 or 30 minutes on preventing enamel demineralization was similar to artificial saliva.

  Considering the increasing rate of dental implant use, many general dental practitioners ask the question which system has the highest frequency of use and satisfaction rate so that they can decide on the use of one superior system, using other dentists' experience. This study evaluated dentists' experience in relation to the various implant systems. The present descriptive-analytical/cross-sectional study was carried out with the use of a questionnaire with 40 questions on different aspects of implant treatment. The questionnaire was handed in to 100 dental practitioners working in Isfahan, consisting of 51 general dentists, 21 prosthodontists and 28 oral and maxillofacial surgeons and periodontists. Data were analyzed with Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05). There was no significant difference between general dentists and specialists in the selection of different system (p value = 0.417) and DIO system was the most frequently used system. Prosthodontists were significantly more successful in satisfying patients compared to surgeons, and surgeon were more successful than general dentists (p value = 0.02). There was no significant difference between dentists in relation to the most common failure reason (p value = 0.817); 88% of dentists believed that financial problem was the main reason in implant treatment rejection by the patients. Most of the dentists (65%) believed that patient satisfaction rate was moderate. DIO was the dominant implant system used due to its more favorable cost, quality and services

Due to high mortality rate and prevalence of cancer, early detection is vital and important. Precancerous oral lesions have the potential to lead to SCC and therefore they should be carefully assessed. Brush cytology is a simple method, which obtains a sample from the epithelium. Computer analyses have an important role in interpretation of pathologic samples. An engineering team designed the software with neural networks, and the algorithm was trained with samples obtained from patients. In the second stage, brush cytology samples were collected from 20 patients with cancer and 20 healthy individuals. From each slide 50 digital images was captured with a camera under a microscope. The images were separately entered into the software program. The results were recorded as healthy and unhealthy. Statistical analyses were performed using Excel program. The software had 91 errors in a total of 2000 digital images. Comparison of the results provided by the software program and those of the scalpel biopsy of the patients with Fisher's exact test did not reveal any significant differences (p value = 0.004). Based on the results of this study, the designed software exhibited high specificity and sensitivity.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues that is caused by specific microorganisms, which results in degeneration of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone and causes gingival recession. In recent years some evidence has emerged on the relationship between human herpes virus and periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of HSV-1 virus in periodontal pockets of subjects with chronic periodontitis in Qom, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 92 subjects with chronic periodontitis were collected from Hakim and Ali-ibn Abi-Talib Clinics in Qom in 2016-17. Real-time PCR technique was used to evaluate HSV-1 infection of patient samples. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 in terms of the relationship between age, sex and intensity of chronic periodontitis and the incidence of HSV (α = 0.05). In this study, three cases (3.3%) of HSV were found in subjects with chronic periodontitis. There was no relationship between chronic periodontitis, age and sex and HSV-1. The results of this study suggest further screening techniques and more accurate techniques to detect HSV-1 and larger sample sizes to clarify the role of HSV-1 in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis.

  The aim of the present study was to compare periodontal disease prevalence between women with idiopathic infertility and healthy women. This case‒control, cross-sectional, study was undertaken on 86 women (43 with idiopathic infertility and 43 healthy women) aged 20-35 years old in Tehran. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect basic and clinical data of subjects and the two groups were matched regarding body mass index and fasting blood glucose. Indices of periodontal disease, including clinical periodontal depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss and gingival index were assessed through standard methods. The comparison between quantitative data was performed using t-test; however, chi-squared was used for statistical analysis of qualitative data. Statistical significance was set at p value < 0.05. The means of all the periodontal indices were significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group (p value < 0.001). Moreover, the comparison of the prevalence of periodontitis and gingivitis between the case and control groups showed a significant difference between women with idiopathic infertility and healthy controls in terms of periodontitis (p value < 0.001). The results of the present study confirmed that the prevalence of periodontitis among women with idiopathic infertility was higher compared to healthy women. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of gingivitis between the two groups

Hyperdontia or supernumerary teeth might be associated with disorders in teeth, occlusion and esthetics. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and position of supernumerary teeth in different types of malocclusion among orthodontic patients. In this retrospective descriptive study, 102 patients (males and females) with hyperdontia who were referred to a private clinic for conventional dental examination, counseling or performing orthodontic treatment from 2008 to 2016, were identified. The supernumerary teeth were recorded in terms of presence, number, shape and location (maxilla or mandible) using panoramic radiographs. Malocclusion type of the patients was also classified into types I, II and III and recorded. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20, using chi-squared test (α = 0.05). The prevalence of supernumerary teeth in males was significantly higher than that in females (p value = 0.036). Maxilla had a higher incidence of supernumerary teeth than mandible (p value < 0.001). The prevalence of supernumerary teeth was not significantly different between different classes of malocclusion (I, II and III). Crowding (22.5%), impaction (21.6%) and malposition adjacent to supernumerary teeth (5.9%) were the most frequent abnormalities associated with supernumerary teeth. The results of the present study are generally consistent with those reported in the literature. However, there are a few differences that might be due to racial and environmental differences. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth in our patients was low, and it was more prevalent in males and in the mandible. In addition, it was not related to the type of occlusion of the patients

  Suturing is a common procedure during surgeries to fix surgical flaps to improve tissue integration during healing phase. The aim of this study was to make a histological comparison of gingival tissue reaction in the vicinity of silk and vicryl suture materials during the initial healing phase in crown lengthening surgeries. The present double-blind, randomized clinical trial had a paired design method. This study was performed on 24 sites in 12 patients with an age range of 20-40 years, needing crown lengthening surgery of maxillary premolars and molars. The subjects had no systemic problems or gingival inflammation at the surgical sites. The sutures were placed in the surgical sites 7 days before the crown lengthening procedure. Vicryl and silk sutures were placed on the mesial or distal gingival papilla of each tooth randomly. All the suture materials used in this study were identical in term of physical dimensions (4-0). After 7 days, during crown lengthening surgery, gingival tissues along with suture materials were harvested for histological examination. Then the severity of inflammation and infiltration of inflammatory cells were evaluated in tissue specimens using Wilcoxon test (α = 0.05). The study indicated that vicryl suture material resulted in less infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the gingival tissues compared to silk sutures (p value = 0.001). Considering the lower infiltration of inflammatory cells in the vicinity of vicryl suture material, it seems in procedures such as oral surgeries, vicryl suture could be an appropriate alternative for silk material

TDI and occlusion status have physical, psychological and social effects on children and because of the close relationship between children and their families, the effects of oral and dental diseases in children are reflected in the family. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of TDI and occlusion status on quality of life of children and families.

This descriptive analytical study was performed on 296 students in Educational Districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Isfahan. The parents filled up the Family Impact Scale and Child Perception Questionnaire; in addition, in injured children WHO assessment form for TDI and occlusion status was completed by the researcher. Data collected from two questionnaires and TDI and occlusion status were analyzed with SPSS 20. Descriptive and analytical statistical indexes such as means, standard deviations, percentages, variances and relationships between quantitative and qualitative variables were analyzed with chi-squared, Mann-Whitney and LSD tests, t-test and one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05).

Most of the injured children (79.8%) had a moderate quality of life, but most of non-injured children had good quality of life (82.4%). There was a significant difference in the quality of life of the injured (59.7 ± 9.7) and non-injured (81.6 ± 15.2) groups. In addition, there was a significant difference in FIS index between the injured and non-injured groups (p value < 0.001). There was an inverse relationship between TDI and quality of life (p value = 0.02). There was a significant relationship between TDI and occlusion status (p value = 0.01), and there was no significant relationship between the quality of life of child and occlusion status (p value = 0.39).

The results showed that TDI affects quality of life of child and family, while occlusion does not have any effect on them

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are defined as clinical conditions that involve the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or both. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between symptoms and recovery in patients with TMD. In this cross-sectional study, 165 records of patients with TMD referring to the Department of Occlusion, Mashhad Dental School from 2012 to 2017 were surveyed. Before the clinical examination, all the patients completed a questionnaire on their personal data and symptoms of joint disorders. All the patients were contacted and data were collected about the decrease in symptoms of joint disorder or its health. The treatment outcomes were characterized by a lack of recovery and improvements in joint symptoms. Data were analyzed with SPSS 18, using chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests (α = 0.05). The records belonged to 53 men (32.1%) and 112 women (67.9%). The mean age of the subjects was 31.7 ± 13.6 years. The youngest and oldest subjects were 12 and 70 years of age, respectively. The number of women experiencing improvements was higher than men, but the difference was not statistically significant (p value = 0.145). Patients with joint clicks during mastication or mouth opening experienced significant improvements compared to those without these clicks (p value = 0.05). In general, use of conservative methods for the treatment of TMJ disorders is recommended. These therapies can be useful for all the individuals with TMD, regardless of variables such as age, sex, symptoms and habits

It is necessary to search for new antimicrobial agents of herbal origin for control of oral infectious diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. This study assessed the antimicrobial activity of the extract of avocado leaves against oral cavity microorganisms. In this in vitro study, ethanol extracts of avocado leaves were prepared at 25%, 50% and 100% concentrations. In five patients with poor oral hygiene (O’Leary's plaque index > 60%: color changes of more than 60% of total dental surfaces after chewing disclosing agent tablets), samples of the oral flora were collected with sterile cotton swabs and cultured in tubes containing nutrient broth. The antimicrobial efficacy of avocado leaf extracts and controls (0.12% chlorhexidine and distilled water) was evaluated using disc diffusion method (5 disks for each group) on agar plates. The antimicrobial efficacy was measured in terms of zone of inhibition (mm). Data were analyzed with SPSS 17, using ANOVA and Tukey test (p value < 0.05). The inhibition zones were 14, 15 and 17.5 mm for 25%, 50% and 100% avocado extracts, respectively (p value < 0.001). The avocado extracts exhibited greater inhibition zone compared to chlorhexidine (9 mm) and distilled water (6 mm) (p value < 0.001). According to the results of this study, the leaf extracts of avocado have antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and can be used as an antimicrobial agent in oral hygiene products.

FDBA, DFDBA and PARTIAL allografts are widely used as bone substitute materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare the regenerative features of these three types of allografts manufactured by Kish Hamanandsaz Company in Iran. In this experimental animal study, four bone defects with a diameter of 8 mm and a depth of approximately 1 mm were produced in the calvaria of 8 rabbits (4 defects in each rabbit) by trephine. In three defects, three types of allografts, i.e. FDBA, DFDBA and PARTIAL, were placed and one defect served as a control. One of the rabbits died 5 days after surgery. Histological samples were prepared after 4 weeks. Percentages of new bone formation and the remaining materials and inflammation were evaluated. Data were analyzed with Friedman and Cochran tests, using SPSS 22 (α = 0.05). There were significant differences between the four groups (DFDBA, FDBA, PARTIAL and control) in mean percentages of new bone formation (p value = 0.001) and mean percentages of remaining material (p value = 0.002). However, there were no significant differences in inflammation between the four groups (p value = 0.572). Despite the difference in numerical values for bone regeneration, there were no statistically significant differences in the amount of bone formation between DFDBA and FDBA groups, but further studies are necessary on PARTIAL allograft

Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for atherosclerosis. Stroke is a result of carotid artery atherosclerosis. Panoramic radiographs can help diagnose atherosclerosis. The current study assessed the prevalence of calcifications of carotid artery in diabetic and non-diabetic cases on panoramic radiographs.

In this cross-sectional survey, the prevalence of carotid calcification in 40 diabetic and 80 non-diabetic patients was assessed in the Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2014-15. All the patients underwent panoramic radiography and their demographic data, including age, gender, diabetic treatment received, duration of diabetes and fasting blood sugar were recorded. Then data of diabetic and non-diabetic cases were compared. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16, using chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression (α = 0.05).

In radiographic assessment of diabetic patients, 13 cases had carotid artery calcification while only 7 cases of non-diabetics had carotid artery calcification (p value = 0.001). Variables of age, gender, type of diabetic treatment, duration of disease and fasting blood sugar did not exhibit any significant relationship with carotid artery calcification (p value > 0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, in panoramic radiography as a non-invasive technique, arterial calcification was higher among diabetic patients in comparison to non-diabetic subjects but this significant prevalence was not related with demographic factors. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended

Dental esthetic is one of the key components of facial esthetic, with a key role in human social interactions. In this regard, the overall alignment of teeth, especially the anterior teeth, is one of the factors affecting the overall appearance of the teeth. Simple restorative treatments in cases of minor anomalies can be considered as a suitable, fast, inexpensive and harmless alternative treatment.

In this article, the treatment of several patients with crowding of anterior
teeth is presented