journal of Social Behavior and Community Health
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Nov 2018

A headache is considered as one of the most common physical complaints and a type of debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that affects people's social, communicative and occupational tasks. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of stress reduction-based cognitive therapy on perceived stress and migraine symptoms in women suffering from migraine. The instruments used in this study included the Perceived Stress Questionnaire and Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire. The present study data were analyzed using the covariance analysis. The present study adopted a pretest-posttest with control group design. The statistical population of the present study included all patients suffering from migraine who went to the medical centers in Tehran in 2017. In this study, convenient sampling and random assignments were used. In fact, amongst the migraine patients, 30 patients were selected through a convenient sampling method that were then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received an intervention in a three-month period in ten 90-minute sessions, whereas the control group did not receive this intervention during the research process. The patients were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The results of data analysis showed that stress reduction-based cognitive therapy was effective on perceived stress and migraine symptoms in women suffering from migraine (P-value < 0.001), that is to say, this treatment can reduce perceived stress and migraine symptoms in women suffering from migraine Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that cognitive therapy based on stress reduction can be used as an effective treatment to reduce stress and migraine symptoms in women with migraine
As the study findings revealed, it can be concluded that cognitive therapy based on stress reduction can be used as an effective treatment to reduce stress and migraine symptoms for women suffering from migraine.

Today, couples applying for divorce need more self-efficacy in their divorce management.
Self-efficacy in divorce management helps divorcing couples make the right decision to continue their married life or leave. The present study aimed to determine the effect of divorce counseling based on Gottman's approach on self-efficacy in divorce management within couples who applied for divorce in Yazd. This quasi-experimental study was based on pre-test, post-test, and follow-up method in which the case-control group design was applied. The study population included all couples who applied for divorce in Yazd in 2017. We selected 32 participants using purposive sampling, who were then divided into experimental and control groups. In order to collect the study data, we used Zareei's self-efficacy questionnaire in divorce management. To analyze the data, we run multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), two-way analysis of variance, and repeated measurement tests. The results of MANOVA analysis indicated that the experimental group used self-efficacy more frequently than the control group in divorce management and its subscales. Moreover, analysis of two-way variance showed that gender did not have a significant correlation with the training results. In other words, the effect of education was the same for both genders. Moreover, the results of repeated measurement analysis indicated significant differences between the levels (pre test with post test and follow up). Gottman-based divorce counseling affected self-efficacy in divorce management of couples applying for divorce in Yazd. The effectiveness of this training was the same for both males and females. As a result, for those couples who want to divorce, such training seems to be extremely necessary. 

Health literacy is defined as the ability of individuals to read, understand, and act on health-related concepts in order to make healthy decisions. This study was conducted to determine the level of health literacy of teachers in Asaluyeh city, Iran. This descriptive study was conducted on 200 teachers who were selected using stratified random sampling method in Asaluyeh in the academic year 2015 - 2016. Health Literacy for Iranian Adults questionnaire (HELIA) was used to measure their health literacy. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 and by using descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, independent- samples T test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The mean age of participants was 30.56 years (SD = 4.5(, 59% of them were male (n = 118) and 41% were female (n = 82). Teachers' health literacy status was in moderate level for 9.6% of participants
(n = 99) regarding access to information, for 44.6% of participants
(n = 89) regarding information comprehension in, for 68.4% of participants (n = 136) regarding judgment and assessment, and for 68.4% of participants (n = 136) regarding information use. We found that health literacy had a significant relationship with gender and age. In this study, teachers' health literacy was at moderate level. So, it is necessary to provide effective internet resources and useful sites. We should also conduct health education programs in media such as radio and television to improve health literacy in teachers, especially in more experienced teachers.

Infertility creates many psychological problems for infertile women. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on mental endurance, self-compassion and resilience of infertile women. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. The statistical population of the present study included infertile women in Tehran in 1396 who visited the infertility centers of hope and doctor Shariati. In this study among the infertile women who referred to infertility center of Tehran, 30 women were selected and placed randomly in the test group and the control group. The test group received the intervention in two and a half months at ten sessions of 90 minutes. However, the control group did not receive this intervention during the research process. The questionnaire used in this study included Psychological distress tolerance questionnaire. Resilience Scale and self-compassion questionnaire. The data were analyzed through analysis of covariance using statistical software SPSS24. The results of the analysis showed that positive psychotherapy has been effective on mental endurance, self-compassion and resilience of infertile women (P-value < 0.001). Therefore, it has been able to improve mental endurance, self-compassion and resilience of infertile women. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that positive psychotherapy can be used as an effective treatment for mental endurance, self-compassion and resilience of infertile women.

The aim of this research was to compare mindfulness, psychological capital, and self-compassion between students with externalizing problems and normal students in Isfahan city, Iran. The statistical population of this case-control study included all the students with externalizing problems and normal students in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2017 - 2018. We used purposive non-probability sampling to collect the samples. In this regard, 100 students with externalizing problems and 100 normal students were selected and asked to complete questionnaires.  The questionnaires used in this study included Mindfulness Skills questionnaires, Self-compassion questionnaire, and PSY CAP (The Psychological Capital) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS23 using analysis of variance. The results showed that the mindfulness, PSY CAP, and
self-compassion were significantly different between the two groups (P-value < 0.0001). The students with externalizing problems had lower scores in mindfulness, PSY CAP, and self-compassion than the normal students. Students with externalizing behavior problems had lower mental health due to their vulnerable cognitive and psychological processes. Accordingly, mindfulness, PSY CAP, and self-compassion scores were significantly different between the normal students and those with externalizing problems. Considering this difference, we suggest the authorities to pay enough attention to such varieties and conduct appropriate interventions accordingly.

Early intervention at preschool age can resolve many cognitive and metacognitive problems of children. Accordingly the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Quinn's early educational program, on attention and memory of pre-school children in Isfahan city. The study design was Randomized controlled trial. The study population included parents of all pre-school children in Isfahan city during school year 2016 - 2017. Thirty persons were selected through convenience sampling and then randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 in each group). The research tool that was used in this study is Conner’s Neuropsychological Testing 2004. First, the pretest was conducted for both groups; then the experimental group was exposed to eight 90-minute sessions of Quinn's early educational program; but there was no interference for the control group. At the end of the intervention, the posttest was conducted for both groups. The data of the study was analyzed through covariance analysis test. The findings showed that Quinn's early educational program has impacts on the attention and memory of pre-school children (P-value < 0.0005). The average of children's memory and attention were 18.7 (7.12) and 11.73 (5.68) in order to 11.45 (11.4) and 4.93 (2.45), respectively. Given the impact of Quinn's program on the memory and attention of pre-school children, this training can be used to improve the attention and memory of preschool children.

Burnout affects people's occupational performance and reduces their efficiency.  The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of glass ceiling and mental health with burnout among women working in Khansar and Golpayegan health care networks. The study population of this analytical- correlational study consisted of women working in Khansar and Golpayegan health care networks in 2018. In order to collect data, 159 women were selected from these health care networks using convenience random sampling. Data collection instruments were General Health Questionnaire, Glass Ceiling Inventory and Burnout Questionnaire. After collecting the questionnaires and drawing raw data, analysis of the data was performed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis). Glass ceiling perception was correlated with emotional exhaustion 0.49 and personal accomplishment -38.8, and mental health with emotional exhaustion 0.54 and personal accomplishment -0.50
among women employed in Khansar and Golpayegan health care networks (P-value < 0.001). Predictor variables (glass ceiling perception and mental health) could significantly predict emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. The model's coefficient of explanation also showed predictor variables (glass ceiling perception and mental health) could explain 46.2% and 26% of the variation in emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment in these women. Given the significant role of glass ceiling perception and mental health in predicting emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment of employed women, it is suggested that the causative agents of the glass ceiling and damaging ones to mental health in employed women be taken into account to prevent burnout among them.

Development of foundational skills among Masters of Public Health (MPH) students is challenging with regard to the mastery of delivering health education and health promotion methods. In this case report we documented the conceptualization details and results from the formative and summative evaluations of one foundational course on health promotion implemented at a Southern US University. The course was based on the constructs of a fourth generation framework of Multi-Theory-Model (MTM) of health behavior change that aimed at helping the students to acquire the behaviors needed for imparting the health education and health promotion methods in the real world settings. In formative evaluation, a qualitative assessment is used, whereas, in the summative evaluation both qualitative and quantitative approaches are applied. We used a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) framework to conduct this study. Some of the documented strengths of the course included practical applications, interactive learning, and good use of the Canvas platform, group work, and skill building activities. The weaknesses of the course were the difficult nature of the subject and the fact that some presented methods were not clear. Some suggested opportunities for future offerings included having better environmental props, more online participation, and guest speakers. Some threats identified by the students were decrease of enrolment and possible reduction of face-to-face interactions due to online offerings. Overall, the instructor was successful in imparting skills pertaining to the methods for conducting health promotion within public health. The skill building activities and assignments elaborated in this course can be freely replicated for enhancing the learning acumen of MPH students around the world. This case report forms the basis for critical reflection among educators entrusted with designing such courses.