نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 238 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Ferdowsi, in the early kingdom of Zahak has written four bits in expression of his concupiscible unconventional:  پس آیین ضحاک وارونه خوی
ز مردان جنگی یکی خواستی
کجا نامور دختری خوب روی
پرستنده کردیش در پیش خویش
چنان بد که چون می بدیش آرزوی بکشتی که با دیو برخاستی(؟)
به پرده اندرون پاک، بی گفت و گوی
نه رسم کییبد نه آیین کیش The main difficulty of this piece is in the recording, reading and meaning of second hemistich of second line and then the connection or semantic independence of the two initial bits and the last two bits. In Shahnameh manuscripts, there are ten different recordings for second- hemistich of second bit and commentators and researchers have suggested ten meaning for it. The writer with criticism of the various recordings, readings and meanings based on reasons and witnesses like: writing "bekoshti" in most of the manuscripts, the existence of similar hemistich in terms of syntactically and semantically elsewhere in Shahnameh, paying attention to the traditional reception of some scribes and readers of the Shahnameh through the manuscript copies of these verses, explaining the report in “Bondaheshn” and … recording and reading “be koshtikeba div barkhasti” knows more likely and for every four bits continuously (enjambment), this interpretation is suggested: Zahhak when his lust was excited the beautiful girl and virgin was given to a man of warrior up against his eyes sexual intercourse with that girland Ferdowsi's intention of “ayine Zahhakevaroonehkhooy” this is the unbecoming work.

The most important type of jihad is the struggle against the soul and its desires, and this is of considerable importance that it is regarded as the Greater Jihad. The soul is one of the most fundamental concept in Islamic mysticism Attar-e-Neishaburi has visualized his ideas about the soul in the form of anecdotes, stories, narratives and a plentiful supply of allegories in his Mathnawi's. From his point of view, the desires of the soul are regarded to be the worst enemy of man and an intermediary between Satan and the human beings; the soul is the greatest barrier and obstacle to the perfection of the seeker's paths; not only must the seekers strive to struggle against this enemy, but they must also take care of its invasions.

Interrogative sentences are among grammatical categories that occur most frequently in world languages. In Contemporary poetry including those composed by Ebtehaj, sometimes interrogative sentences fulfil semantic-pragmatic functions other than posing questions including surprise, breaking news, disappointment, complaint, objection, warning, rebuke, etc. This study aims at an investigation of the semantic-pragmatic functions that interrogative sentences fulfil in Ebtehaj's poetry. A descriptive-analytic methodology is employed to survey a statistical society that includes the complete poetical works by Ebtehaj. 120 sonnets, 84 Nimai poems, 17 quatrains, 10 couplets and 8 strophes were randomly studied. The results show that in 187 cases, Sayeh used interrogative sentences to fulfil 28 different secondary functions other than interrogation including the following respectively: expressing wish, objection, surprise, complaint, helplessness, doubt, rhetorical questions, disappointment, praise, emphasis, breaking news and attracting attention.

Epic Elements in Simin Behbahani's GHAZAL Abstract The use of epic elements is one of the features of today's ghazall. Simin Behbahani is a poet who has paid special attention to this. He uses rhetorical elements such as exaggerations and blessings to describe the phenomena of nature in terms of specific epic and warfare. The simplicity of likeness in Behbahani's sonnets and the use of epic compatible pseudo-shapes reinforces her epic tune of her sonnets; besides, the use of magnificent and magnificent puzzles affects this. Also, Behbahani sometimes expresses the epic themes of his sonnets, with the proper use of reverberant weights. The poet's Irandosty has led him to give special attention to the myths of ancient Iran. In his sonnets, the battle with the evil forces and the Divan can be seen and there are references to the mythical and epic characters. Sometimes myths such as Rustam and Zahak have been shown in a different way from their original.

Hafez was bold enough to repeat the meaning (not the words) in the lines of his sonnets. His use of synonymous words and phrases is evidence of this fact. Hafez is unique in paying attention to and employing the subtle differences between words which have similar meanings. He not only pays attention to the synonymous words but also takes account of the opposite meanings of such keywords as synonym; he substitutes apparently synonymous words and uses each word in the appropriate context of words and phrases in the lines composed. He does not use the similar concepts in the form of a stretch of words coming in a sequence. Instead, he substitutes the second word in a separate sentence with the first word. This is his unique way of creating new meanings. The arrangement of synonymous words, attending to the subtle differences between words and their use in appropriate contexts have given Hafez a special ability to create new meanings. This technique has also led to new paradoxes and sweet scoffing. By so doing, he ascends to the figurative meaning of the language. This happens in 5% of Hafez’ lines seeking new structures and meanings.

Nafthat-Al-Masdur is one of the most renowned masterpieces of technical and artistic prose in the field of Persian language and literature that Shihaboddin Mohammad Khorandezi zeydari Nasawi has written in the description of the tragedies of Jalal al-din Khwarazmshah during the Mongol invasion.This book has a generous and passionate language that the author has devoted a lot to the use of arrays, expressions, verses, hadiths, and Arabic vocabulary and expressions.The question here is as follows: ʿHas the author followed a particular pattern in using figures of speech, or has used these elements solely for the verbal and spiritual arrangement of his words?’. To answer this question we should say that the technical language of this work seems to have a coherence and a pattern in it and the author follows the pattern of choosing technical, verbal and artistic arrays. On the one hand, he used ironies and similes far more than metaphor and trope, and on the other hand, following the same pattern he chooses Saj and Pun and uses them for the creation of musical language of his work. In the intellectual domain, the use of exaggeration, assurance, and allusion, which are similar to simile, has made the similarity of the language of Nafthat-Al-Masdurstronger.

Abstract Each literary work is a sign of its writer’ ideology and thoughts, and is based on the social and political context of the community. Reza Baraheni, the author of the Novel “Mysteries of My Land”, as a social reformer, influenced by the atmosphere of the ruling community in Iran, especially Tabriz during the years from 1959 to 1979, expressed his social-political ideas with the aim of reforming society. Thus analyzing the writer’s thoughts is important from the point of view of post-colonial literature. The present study is done via the content analysis method to investigate the intellectual themes of the novel, such as tradition and modernity, social disadvantages, status of women in society, Self and the Other, apolitism, lack of self-esteem, and subaltern and hegemony, and anti-colonialism .The research results depict that this novel, drawing on the components of post-colonial literature, illustrates themes such as the confrontation between tradition and modernity, the male dominance of the traditional society, western subaltern and hegemony, moral issues, lack of self-esteem, and identity fragmentation. But, on the contrary, relying on mythological beliefs and ideas to achieve the former identity, the novel also promotes the struggle against the belief in the supremacy of Western race as well as anti-colonialism.

A study of Situational Irony in Maroufie’s Stories: Year of Turmoil and Symphony of the Dead Raziyeh Fani1/ Firooz Fazeli2/ Mahmood Ranjbar3 1 Ph.D Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University, (corresponding author), E-mail: raziefani@yahoo.com 2 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University, E-mail: drfiroozfazeli@yahoo.com 3 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University, E-mail: mamranjbar@gmail.com Abstract Situational irony is the result of phantasms, imaginations and concepts. This sort of irony has an especial place in fiction. The two stories of "Year of Turmoil "and “Symphony of the Dead" by Maroufie have an especial position in fiction because of their critical language and the author’s authority in demonstrating specific problems. Personification, scene, plot and actions in this work have potential power for irony of situation and grotesque showing. Therefore we endeavor to indicate all kinds of ironical situations and grotesque in this research, methods of creating them and theme’s social reflections. With deliberation in these stories, we see that ironical names and behaviors are the dominant factors in the creation of situational irony in these stories. Character’s experiments and network of communication between them have important roles in ironical behavior, action, situation, scene and dialogue. But character’s situation is the pivotal point. The most important subjects that are writer’s purpose are: culture and jeopardy of society, modernism, lack of justice and existence of corruption among diverse classes in society.

Literary Legacy of Abd al-Majid Tabrizi (Persian Poet of Azerbaijan in the 8th/14thcentury) Alireza Ghojezadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran. E-mail Address: alirezaghojezade@yahoo.com Abstract Abdolmajid Tabrizi, a less well-known poet of the 8th century AD. Is. There is not much information about him. About 699 AH. He was born in Tabriz and probably between 757 and 768 AH. In the past, what is his poem is that he was engaged in farming and at the age of 55 he went over to Hajj, and after returning from the pilgrimage of the house of God, he went to Shiraz and spent some time there. In various forms of poetry, such as poetry, sonnets, compositions, pieces, masnavi and quatrains, they have experimented with various concepts and subjects, including the prayer of God, the promise of the Holy Prophet (s), the exhortation of the rulers, love, mysticism, counsel and Wisdom forms the theme of his poems. In the chanting, followers of such poets as Elementary, Anvari, Zahir Faryabi, and in Ghazalsarai, are the meta tags of Saadi's lyrics. His contemporary poets like Hafez have also been influenced by his poems.

Language is considered as one of the fundamental elements in fiction writing. One of the important issues in investigating language is paying attention to the relationship between gender and language. Most researchers believe that there is a significant difference between the men and the women language and writing. This article aimed at examining men and women language differences in the scope of the use of vocabularies from language and gender perspectives in the "Symphony of the Dead" written by Abbass Maroufi. The authors have tried to analyze the differences in the vocabularies used by women and men in this novel including variables such as color words, taboo words (vulgar and non-vulgar), swear words, affirmations , moderators, imperative and authoritative words, affective traits and words in the dialogues among the novel characters according to the linguistic scientific rules. Although Abbass Maroufi has created a language proportionate with his protagonists’ gender, he has not succeeded in the creation of a language proportional with his protagonists in some cases due to inattention to the scientific findings of sociolinguists, especially in terms of the relationships between language and gender.