نشریه سالمندشناسی
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 11، زمستان 1397)

Defective metacognitive beliefs and dysfunctional attitude are some of the problems that have been observed in aging. The importance of spiritual therapy training to the elderly has also been considered in recent years; Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on metacognitive beliefs and dysfunctional attitude of elderly people in Khorramabad city in 2017.   The present study is a quasi-experimental (pre-test - post-test with control group). The statistical population of this research includes all elderly care centers of Khorramabad old people in 2017. The statistical sample was selected by a sampling method in 30 people and randomly assigned to test and control groups (15 individuals for each group). Both groups completed the Wales and Carthage-Haughton metacognitive beliefs (2004) and the dysfunctional attitude scale (1978) questionnaire during the evaluation stages. Eight sessions (one hour a week). Spiritual therapy training was conducted in the experimental group and the control group received customary nursing home programs. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate and univariable covariance analysis using SPSS version 23 software. After spiritual therapy, the mean scores of subscales of metacognitive beliefs and dysfunctional attitudes decreased from pretest to post-test. Also, according to the findings of covariance analysis, spirituality therapy was effective in reducing the defective metacognitive beliefs and dysfunctional attitudes of elderly people (p = 0.001). The application of this therapeutic approach as an effective intervention in reducing defective metacognitive beliefs and dysfunctional attitudes in aging centers is recommended.

Fall is the most common and serious problem that occurs in Aged ,which has significant effects on their health and quality of life.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between fear of falls and depression in Aged diabetic patients in Amol hospitals. This is a descriptive-analytic study that was conducted in 2018. The corpus of study involved 191 Aged  diabetic patients aged 60 years and over. Sampling method was available. The instrument for data collection was demographic characteristics, FES-I scales, a fifteen-item questionnaire GDS and AMT and ADL.  Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential tests and was shown via SPSS software. Most participants (50.3%) were female. The average age of participants was 70.4 ± 6.6 years. Based on the findings, the average of fear of falling was (25 ± 8.7) and average of depression was (6.7 ± 2.1). The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a significant positive correlation between fear of falling and depression (p = 0.001, r =0.234). So that the fear of falls of the Aged were increased, their depression also increased. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between the fear of falling and depression in Aged people. So, psychological treatments and exercise should be done to reduce their fear of falling.

Increasing the age in the elderly is associated with loss of quality of life and loss of self-esteem. Recreation is one of a number of rehabilitation services designed to achievement of social skills in individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of recreational therapy on the level of self-esteem and quality of life of elderly patients referred to Babol's daily care center. In this quasi-experimental study that was carried out in pre-test and post-test in two groups of intervention and control in 2012 in 30 elderly referred to the daily care center and Reziakola Health Center in Babol. In the intervention group, recreational therapy was held in groups with friends for 10 weeks in 40 sessions of 60 minutes. Self-esteem and quality of life were assessed using the standard questionnaire of elderly quality of life CASP and the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire before and after intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 and descriptive and inferential statistical methods. According to the results of ANOVA, repeated measures, inter-group variations in self-esteem (p = 0.003) and quality of life (p = 0.007) show a significant difference between intervention and control groups. In the subscales of quality of life, intergroup variations in the field of intrusion (p = 0.004) and success (p = 0.006) show a significant difference between intervention and control groups. Regarding improvement of self-esteem, quality of life and its dimensions, this method can be introduced as an enjoyable and useful skill.

Getting away from the family center can lead to psychological and emotional harm to the elderly. The present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of Spiritual Therapy on cognitive avoidance and psychological distress in the elderly are present at nursing homes in the city of Isfahan. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The statistical population was all elderly are present in Sadeghieh nursing home in the city of Isfahan in 2018. 30 elderly were selected through purposive method and randomly replaced into experimental and control groups (15 in the experimental and 15 in the control group). The experimental group received eight ninety-minute sessions of therapy interventions related to spirituality during two months once a week while the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Then the people in both groups took the posttest. The applied instruments included cognitive avoidance questionnaire (Sekston and Dougas,, 2008) and psychological distress questionnaire (Kesler et.al, 2003) a. After collecting questionnaires and extracting raw data, the data analysis was done through descriptive statistics and ANCOVA method. Results​: The results of the study showed that spiritual therapy has significant effect on cognitive avoidance and psychological distress of the elderly are present at nursing home in the city of Isfahan (p<0.001) in that this therapy was able to decrease cognitive avoidance and psychological distress of the elderly are present at nursing home in the city of Isfahan. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that spiritual therapy using techniques such as Accountability, giving things to God and strengthening the will and eradicating negative thoughts can decrease the level of cognitive avoidance and psychological distress of the elderly are present at nursing home. Therefore spiritual therapy can be applied as an efficient therapy to decrease the level of cognitive avoidance and psychological distress of the elderly are present at nursing home.

interaction between the physical and cognitive factors of the elderly can have a significant impact on their quality of life and affect on design of health-based mechanisms for the elderly. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of physical activity on the retrospective and prospective memory performance in elderly.   The present research is a causal-comparative study. The sample consisted of 178 elderly. All participants were asked to complete the physical activity level Questionnaire of Champs and elders was placed in three groups with low physical activity (n=56), moderate (n=63) and high (n=59). Retrospective and prospective memory was evaluated through Crawford Questionnaire.   The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the performance of prospective memory in the elderly group with a high and moderate activity level with  prospective memory of the elderly group with a low level of activity (P = 0.001). Also, the results of variance analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between retrospective memory performance in elderly group with physical activity levels (P = 0.004). According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that in elderly, different levels of physical activity significantly effect on the memory performance. So, one can expect that the elderly with regular physical activity will prevent the occurrence of many memory problems over time. This study suggests that Elderly people put up high-level physical exercises in their daily routine to prevent cognitive decline in retrospective and prospective memory.

 The world's population is rapidly rising to aging, and in the meantime, factors such as emotional intelligence and psychological capital are linked to life satisfaction in old age; the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological capital with life satisfaction of elderly people in Mahabad. The present research is a descriptive and correlational study.  The community consisted of all 65 year olds above the city of Mahabad, which were 10800 people. 412 people were selected as the final sample by available sampling method.  The instruments for collecting information were the psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans, 2007), emotional intelligence (Bradberry, Greaves, 2006) and life satisfaction (Diener, 1985). The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and Inter regression, using SPSS version 23 software. The results showed that all components of emotional intelligence (including self-awareness, self-management, and social awareness and relationship management) have a positive correlation with life satisfaction (p < 0.01). There is a positive correlation between the components of psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, resilient, optimism) with life satisfaction (p = 0.01). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and psychological capital can predict life satisfaction and 35.1% of life satisfaction variance is explained by these variables. Emotional intelligence and psychological capital can be learned and acquired throughout life; therefore, by teaching these two variables, life satisfaction can be increased in old age.

Knee osteoarthritis is the most common cause of pain in the older population and affecting about one third of the elderly throughout the world. There is some evidence that exercise could lead to pain improvement in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. Interventions that target physical activity in elderly patients are damaged by high dropouts. Low levels of compliance with exercise have become a major challenge for these patients. Using an educational app can be a solution to this challenge. the first step was to develop a sports application and an array of effective sports movements in the treatment of osteoarthritis was introduced to educate the patient. Then 135 patients with osteoarthritis with average age 60.6 ± 6.18 were randomly divided into two groups . Finally, 85 patients stayed in the intervention, of which 20 (23%) were male. 57% of the participants had Grade 2 knee osteoarthritis, 34% Grade 3, and others with Grade 4. Patients were studied for 12 weeks. Exercise program was performed repetitively three times a day and pain variables (based on the WOMAC questionnaire) and (Lequesne questionnaire) at 0, 4, 12 weeks intervals. The average Pain score of patients after exercise was significantly decreased in both groups (P<0/05). Comparing the average Pain score of patients between the two application groups and the pamphlet, there was no significant difference in pain reduction, which indicates the effect of exercise on reducing pain regardless of the type of training and intervention. The lower dropout percentage of patients that use the application (25%) than pamphlets (42%), indicates that the application can be used in future as an effective tool for patients education