فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال شانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 57، زمستان 1397)

The purpose of this study was to identify the individual, family, social and religious factors related to women's overcoming relationships in the form of a qualitative research to provide a new therapeutic model. The present study has two stages: the first stage was carried out using qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach. In the second stage, the paradigm of extramarital relationship treatment was developed using the common elements method. Data collection was carried out in the first stage in three steps: The first step was a systematic review of the articles related to the factors influencing extramarital relationships via qualitative analysis method. The sample group consisted of 28 published internal articles from related articles as a sample via selected purposive method. In the second step, a semi-structured qualitative interview was conducted with 17 women with extramarital relationships experience and sample members were selected using available sampling method. The third step included a qualitative interview with couple and family experts on the causes of extramarital relationship that was conducted using the Delphi method. Finally, based on the information obtained from these three steps, a new therapeutic model was designed and developed to treat women's extramarital relationships using the common elements method. According to the findings from first stage of this study, 64effective factors influence women's extramarital relationships which adjusted in to four categories of individual-personality, family-educational, cultural-social and religious-belief factors. In the second stage, based on the identified factors influenced women extramarital

In recent decades, due to changes such as industrialization and urbanization, etc. Many changes have occurred in the cultural sphere of human life. The family structure and marriage are affected by these changes. Communities have witnessed many changes at the age of marriage. In our country, the increase in the age of marriage and the delay in marriage has become commonplace in recent years. The purpose of the present study is to identify the components of singleness based on the research carried out in this field and using meta-synthesis method. Therefore, qualitative studies carried out in the field of singleness have been analyzed. The results of the meta-synthesis of singleness study were categorized into six main categories. Findings of the research show that in the singleness, the economic, social-cultural and individual categories are of fundamental importance. The emphasis is on cultural-social dimensions. And also the negative consequences of singleness are important.

Nowadays consumption choices for body management especially among women have several symbolic implications and are a sphere for self-expression and social meaning making. Both in metropolitan contexts where anonymity and ephemeral relations are key characteristics, and social contexts in which kinship connections and origins are crucial, “body” is the main vehicle for identity it seems that a main part of conspicuous consumption appears in family and kinship interactions in Iran. The aim of this research is to explore what Iranian married women living in a metropolitan, in their spousal role and identity, experience through conspicuous consumption in body management and what meanings they construct and exchange. The qualitative research approach was employed and 38 women living in Mashhad were interviewed in the years 2015-2016. Interviews were transcribed and thematic analysis were conducted. Finally, three main concepts appeared: Transmission of status, commodification of love, ritualistic self-expression. Transmission of status implies that status is transmitted through women, husbands, husbands’ family members and other kinships. Commodification of love means women’s conspicuous consumption is the vehicle of their desirability and loveableity in their family role. Ritualistic self-expression indicate that kinship rituals and conjugal relationships are the main opportunities for women to experience self-expression and constraint in conspicuous consumption framework possibilities at the same time. Findings have new implications for the intractions between the socio-economic context of modern Iran and the meanings of women’s consumption behavior in the studied context.

Identity is an important issue which in both social and cultural aspects can represent the existent situation of society. One resource of the identity changes especially in its cultural dimension is the experience of living in the new environments. This study has been done to recognize the formation of cultural identity among females who live in dormitories. The theoretical framework formulated on the basis of Peter Burger theory. The research method was qualitative and the studied women have been purposively chosen from the public and non-public dormitories of Tehran city. The findings show that in the public dorms, the religious girls were committed to the religious values and behavior and faced less identity challenges due to following a traditional-religious structure, but the non-religious ones felt less belonging to dorm, their familial identity have reduced and most of them had identity challenges. In the non-public dorms the religious girls had low integration with their dorms because of having different beliefs with their roommate and most of them identified themselves using both conventional values and modern values. But non-religious girls had mostly powerful familial identity, and have considered the dorm people as unreliable and not suitable for associating. This people have contradicted the traditional (i. e. religious, ethnic and local) structures and tried to develop an independent which was more similar to the western modernity but involved the doubts and paradoxes of modern identity too.

Recently, marital distress has considered as a common factor that leading to divorce. Results of studies indicated 20% of the population are at risk of marital distress at any moment. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify the predictors of marital distress and consider the gender problems for any preventive measures.So this systematic review was conducted to determine the predictors of marital distress in view of included studies and also how these studies considered the gender problems. The scope of this review included studies that carried out during the 1981-2018 and search strategy were developed in data bases using basic keywords of Marital Distress, Men, Women, Couples and their english equivalent. The results of present study showed, reviewed studies have considered the individual factors 52.2% (Especially in the United States), interpersonal 21.7% (especially European and Asian countries), socio-cultural 13%, individual and interpersonal 8%, and individual and Socio-cultural factors 4.3% as predictors of marital distress. Other results of present review showed 86% of reviewed studies have carried out based on quantitative approach and 60% of the studies did not considered a theoretical basis. In addition, it seems in most reviewed studies the researcher's viewpoint were based on positivism perspective of psychology and social psychology and absence of non-positivist concepts for resolution of this issue is clear; resolution which bring the concepts of " interaction sequence in marital relation"," couplesperceptual world," "emotional empathy" and "gender issues". This approaches along with positivism approaches can help to analytical richness of "marital distress studies".

This is a relational correlational study. The study population included all Students of the girls living in the dormitory (undergraduate) university of Lorestan in 2016-17. Sample size consisted of 200 individuals, who were selected based on Krejcie and Morgan table through Simple random sampling. Some instruments including Life satisfaction Diner et al., Glock and Stark Religion, Meaning in the life of Shitgir et al, and Denis and Vendorol Cognitive Flexibility questionnaires were used for the purpose collecting data. The collected data was analyzed through Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis and applying SPSS.The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation among Religiosity(r=0/543, p<0/0001) , Meaning in life(r=0/673, p<0/0001)and Cognitive Flexibility(r=0/241, P<0/0001) and Life satisfaction(P<0/0001) and the results of multiple regression analysis in a stepwise manner, showed that Religiosity(β=0/313, p<0/0001) and Meaning in life(β=0/476, p<0/0001)and Cognitive Flexibility(β =0/241, P<0/0001)are significant predictors of Life satisfaction among students.Considering the importance of the role of religiosity, meaning in life and cognitive flexibility in predicting students’ satisfaction and therefore the students’ mental health, this, that is mental health structure, life satisfaction, should be taken into consideration in the planning and programming made by the authorities and psychologists.

Know about opportunity recognition and implementation is very important in entrepreneur's success and opportunity recognition is one of the main issue in entrepreneurship research. One of the most important factors influencing process of opportunity recognition is entrepreneurial capital including economical capital, social capital and human capital. The aim of this paper is to analyze the moderating role of gender in relation between entrepreneurial capital and opportunity recognition by a descriptive survey research method. We choose the tourism businesses as research context because of the potential of entrepreneurial opportunities in this sector. The research sample was selected from 210 members of tourism association that have experience in business management or business creation (110 people). Due to the small number of samples, data was gathered form all 110 people by questionnare. Data analysis on 82 questionnaires by PLS software show that gender has the moderating role on relation between social capital and opportunity recognition. Also, gender has moderation role on relation between human capital and opportunity recognition, while has no effect on relation between economical capital and opportunity recognition. These results could help policy makers in women's entrepreneurship development in tourism business sector.