Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:15 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a commonly diagnosed neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. Considering the limited symptomatic improvement associated with PD treatments, introduction of more effective agents is necessary. Citrus aurantium flower extract (CAE) is recognized as a neuroprotective and hepatoprotective agent with bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolics, and vitamins. Regarding the mitigating role of CAE against oxidative damage, the neuroprotective effects of CAE were examined in a PD model in this study.

Overall, 60 male rats were classified into 6 groups: sham (SH), control (C), lesion (L), and CAE-treated lesion (200, 400, and 600 mg/ml CAE+L). For the hemi-PD model, 6-hydroxydopamine (12.5 g/L of saline ascorbate) was injected intrastriatally. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with hydroalcoholic CAE (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg/daily) was applied in the E+SH and E+L groups for 1 week presurgery. Two weeks postsurgery, rotational behaviors were examined by apomorphine hydrochloride, and stained neurons were measured in the pars compacta of substantia nigra (SNC).

In comparison with the C group, significant contralateral turning was reported due to apomorphine in the L group two weeks postsurgery (P< 0.0001), while the neuron count on the left SNC reduced (P< 0.05). The rotational behaviors reduced using alcoholic CAE, and reduction in the neuron count of SNC was attenuated in lesion groups (P< 0.05). However, in the SH group, CAE caused no significant effects on apomorphine-induced rotation and neuron count in the SNC. CAE could decrease the number of degenerated neurons in the SNC. Cell count assessment showed that neural cell count significantly increased in 200, 400, and 600 mg/ml CAE groups.

According to the present findings, CAE can be suitable for preventing PD in rats.

Spermatogenesis is a process in which sperm is produced, and its disruption at any stage can lead to infertility. Plant extracts have strong phytochemicals, like s anthocyanin. Applying decoction of this plant’s leaves could relieve nausea, and its roots are used to treat dysentery.

The Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice were used and grouped into two control and treatment groups. The control group received distilled water and, the treatment group was fed with 250 mg/kg.bw mixture of plants daily after the disruption with Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) for 60 days. After this period, the mice got unconscious, and their testicles were removed from the abdomen. After conducting the morphologic study, including measuring the samples’ dimensions and weight, their testicles were transcended and stained with eosin hematoxylin method. All data were analyzed by SPSS V. 22. The significance level was set at P<0.05.

The study results revealed significant differences between the testicular size and weight. Moreover, the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, and Leydig cells increased in the experimental group, compared to the controls (P<0.01).

The mixture of the plant caused a significant increase in spermatogenesis cells in male mice and increased their fertility.

 In our study, we aimed 200 cases were evaluated for the length, width and angle of hyoid bone and its distance from certain anatomical structures.

 This study was perfomed retrospectively in 2010 - 2013 on 200 CT images. 3D volume rendering images of pure hyoid bone were created from the axial CT images in 1 mm slice thickness. In our study, 200 cases (94 female, 106 male) were evaluated for the length, width and angle of hyoid bone and its distance from certain anatomical structures.

 In our study, differences in the length and width measurements of the body were observed just until the 20-29 age group, the measurements were found to be statistically major in men than women. Relationship between cervical vertebrae and hyoid varies; it was found to be located between C3-C4 up to 29 years old. As age grows it descends to the C4 level and after that, it remains constant at this level.

 By associating this bone with a bunch of surrounding structures, measurements were performed and by comparing these measurements with results of similar.

The liver, as an insulin target organ, undergoes numerous pathological changes in diabetes patients. This study investigated the effect of the aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of violets on histologic changes and biochemical parameters of the liver in diabetic adult Wistar rats.

In total, 64 rats were examined in 8 groups of 8 rats (1 control group and 7 diabetic groups treated by streptozotocin). The rats were treated in 6 diabetic groups by different concentrations of the aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of violets (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg). Biochemical tests were performed to evaluate the liver enzymes, glucose, and serum albumin using the photometric method on the blood of rats. Furthermore, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains were performed to investigate the number of Kupffer cells, hyper eosinophilia, inflammation, congestion, changes in the perimeter and the central vein area, and glycogenic deposits from the liver tissue of rats. 

The obtained results suggested a decrease of Kupffer cells in the concentration of 100 in extracts. Moreover, inflammatory accumulations decreased in the concentrations of 100 and 400 in the aqueous extract. In addition, a decrease of congestion in the concentrations of 400 in the aqueous extract and the concentrations of 100 and 200 in the hydro-alcoholic extract; a decrease of AST and ALT of serum in the concentrations of 100 and 400 in the aqueous extract; and a decrease of glucose in the concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 in the hydro-alcoholic extract and the concentration of 400 in the aqueous extracts were observed.

The prescription of the extracts of violets can improve the liver tissue in terms of Kupffer cell count, inflammation, and congestion. Furthermore, they reduced AST and ALT enzyme levels and serum glucose levels in diabetic rats.

Understanding the regional anatomy and variations of femoral nerve -as highly essential in daily life activities- is important for surgeons, orthopaedicians, and anesthetists. It helps to prevent iatrogenic femoral nerve palsy in clinical practices. During the dissection of the right lower limb of the cadaver of a 35 years old male, we observed one additional cutaneous branch separated from the posterior division of the femoral nerve. This branch crossed with femoral artery at the beginning and continued to descend into the medial side of the thigh medial to Gracilis muscle. At the end, it pierced through the deep fascia near the knee joint.

The middle rectal artery is a vital artery supplying the rectum, along with the superior and inferior rectal arteries. We explored the middle rectal artery due to its importance in rectal carcinoma surgeries. 

In total, 40 pelvises were obtained from the Department of Anatomy of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College in Pune City, India.

Variations were found in the origin of the middle rectal artery, including arising from the internal pudendal artery in 9 cases. In 2 cases, it was arising from the common stem of internal pudendal and inferior gluteal arteries. Arising from the inferior vesical artery was observed in 1 case; while in 2 cases, middle rectal artery was arising from the obturator artery. This is the artery that penetrates the fascia of rectum, which is essential in mesorectal excision in rectal carcinoma cases. It forms anastomosis with superior rectal artery.

In the low anterior resection of the rectum, the middle rectal artery is always exposed.

The upper limb vascular pattern shows a significant number of diversities in the arterial or venous system. Although variations are usually found in the forearm region, the brachial artery variations are less common. In this report, we described a rare case of a higher bifurcation level of the brachial artery giving rise to the radial and ulnar arteries at the middle portion of the arm. It is crucial for surgeons or even radiologists to be familiar with the diverse morphological patterns of the brachial artery and its branches. Moreover, they should be aware of latent hazards in the therapeutic procedures to diminish surgical complications while operating on the upper extremities.