نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Aerobic endurance training is the most efficient type of physical training. It indicate beneficial effects on obese subjects because of decreasing chronic inflammation. Apelin plays a key role in energy metabolism adjustment. Therefore it is important to study the levels of blood apelin in obese people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training on the level of apelin, TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in obese inactive women. In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese inactive women (mean age 37.19±1.75 yr, body mass index 35.01±2.42 kg/m2) with no regular physical training were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups (N=15) including training and control groups. The individuals in the training group performed a progressive aerobic training protocol including running 3 days a week during period of 12 weeks up to the 60 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate. The average of exercise duration in every session was approximately 60 minutes. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after protocol. The concentrations of biochemical markers in plasma and serum were measured by commercial ELISA kits. To extraction of results the two-way ANOVA 2×2 test was applied and the significance level was considered as p≤0.05. Two-way ANOVA was demonstrated the significant decreases in levels of apelin (p<0.001), TNF-α (p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001) and CRP (p<0.001) after progressive aerobic training. Progressive aerobic training is related to reduction of fat tissue and cytokines production and consequently decreases in apelin levels. The apelin reduction can be considered as a well-known mechanism to decrease inflammation in obese inactive women.

Inactivity and imbalance diet increase the risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Regarding the effects of training and garlic extract consumption on glucose, insulin, and lipid profile; this study was conducted to investigate the effects of 8-weeks of endurance and resistance training, and garlic extract supplementation on Bax gene expression, insulin resistance, and nitric oxide (NO) in rats with metabolic syndrome. A total of 48 rats with metabolic syndrome (aged 12-wk, mean weight of 325.36±25.22 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups (N=6) as: endurance training (ET), resistance training (RT), garlic extract supplementation (GE), endurance training along with garlic extract supplementation (ET+GE), resistance training along with garlic extract supplementation (RT+GE), and control (con). After familiarization, rats in the experimental groups completed an 8-weeks (3 sessions a week) ET or RT exercise protocol with or without GE (500 mg.kg-1.day-1) supplementation. The Rt-PCR and the Elisa methods were used to assess the Bax gene expression and the serum levels variables, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test (p˂0.05). The results showed that ET and RT with and without the GE consumption significantly reduced the Bax Gene expression (p=0.01) and the insulin resistance (p=0.01) but for the nitric oxide levels (p=0.01) it showed significantly increased. Moreover, increase of the nitric oxide levels in the GE group was significantly greater than the RT+GE, ET and RT groups (p=0.0001). Endurance and resistance training with GE consumption have superior effects on the nitric oxide, insulin, and glucose in rats and can decrease the expression of cardiac apoptosis marker (Bax gene).

During warming up, the use of different types and timing of stretching are very critical, therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute effect of static, ballistic and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump, agility and fifty-meter sprint performance in youth soccer players. Among 30 youth soccer players who had at least 2 years of training experiences, eleven players were randomly selected, and then divided into six groups, including static stretch (2×5s and 2×10s), dynamic stretch (2×5s and 2×10s) and PNF stretch (10s×6s×15s) and control group. Counter movement jump test, balsom agility test and fifty-meter sprint performance test were used for measuring variables. Two-way ANOVA repeated measure also was used for statistical analyzing of data, and the significant level was set at p The result showed that ballistic stretches (2×5s and 2×10s) have significant increase (p=0.03 & p=0.03 respectively) on vertical jump performance and 50-meter sprint performance (p=0.04 & p=0.04 respectively). The result also showed that static stretches (2×5s and 2×10s) have significant decrease on agility (p=0.02 & p=0.04, respectively) and PNF stretch has only significant decrease on vertical jump performance (p=0.02). The results showed the predominance of ballistic stretching as compared to other methods during the warming-up period. Static and PNF stretches can also use during the short bursts, but, the static and PNF stretches more than 20 seconds, can be lead to decrease the vertical jump, agility and fifty-meter sprint performance in youth soccer players.

Acute exercise as a stressful physiological factor, may lead to immune response, and therefore can significantly increase the levels of inflammatory indices. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of one session of acute aerobic activity along vitamin C supplementation on pulmonary function of athletes with exercise induced bronchospasm. In this quasi-experimental study, 31 athletes were selected homogeneously according to Bruce treadmill test to determine VO2max above 45 ml‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/‏‏‏kg‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/‏‏‏min, further they randomly divided into two vitamin C (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. The subjects were asked to consume 500 mg‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/‏‏‏day vitamin C, three weeks during two-stage implementation of pre-test and post-test during exhaustive activity. The VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/‏‏‏FVC, PEF and MVV were measured using digital spirometer. The variables were statistically analyzed by paired-sample t test for intra-group comparison and ANCOVA for between groups comparison at a significant level of p<0.05, using SPSS19 software. Consuming vitamin C, during three weeks had no significantly effect on VC (p=0.06); FVC (p=0.83); FEV1 (p=0.60); FEV1‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/‏‏‏FVC (p=0.69); PEF (p=0.18) and MVV (p=0.79), Moreover there was no significant difference between both experimental and control groups in VC (p=0.63); FVC (p=0.31); FEV1 (p=0.12); FEV1‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏‏/‏‏‏FVC (p=0.06); PEF (p=0.36) and MVV (p=0.56). It seems that vitamin C had no significantly effect on mild exercise-Induced bronchospasmin athletes.

Some cytokines are introduced as the predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic and interval training on serum TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and hs-CRP levels in female basketball players. Thirty eight healthy female basketball players voluntarily participated in this study, and further they randomly divided into three groups including continuous, interval and control groups. Blood samples were collected in both pre and post-test after 12 hours of fasting. Continuous and interval training were performed 3 times per week for eight weeks. Eight weeks of continuous and interval training significantly reduced serum IL-6, TNF-ɑ and hs-CRP levels (p<0.05); while these variables had no significant effect in the control group (p>0.05). Moreover, significant difference were found for IL-6 levels between continuous and control group (p=0.005). The same result also were found for TNF-α levels between interval and control groups (p=0.001) as well as also between continuous  training and control group (p=0.03). The mean changes of hs-CRP showed a significant difference between interval and control group (p=0.0001) and also between interval and continuous training group (p=0.01). In this way, Interval training versus aerobic training led to further decrease in levels of IL-6 (20% vs. 13.19%), TNF-α (42.12% vs 29.31%) and hs-CRP (52.17% vs 21.17%), respectively. Both of aerobic and interval training during eight weeks could significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines levels, moreover, interval training made the most changes in these cytokines. Therefore, continuous and interval training are recommended to prevent and control cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Some cytokines are introduced as the predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of continuous and interval training on serum TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and hs-CRP levels in female basketball players. Thirty eight healthy female basketball players voluntarily participated in this study, and further they randomly divided into three groups including continuous, interval and control groups. Blood samples were collected in both pre and post-test after 12 hours of fasting. Continuous and interval training were performed 3 times per week for eight weeks. Eight weeks of continuous and interval training significantly reduced serum IL-6, TNF-ɑ and hs-CRP levels (p<0.05); while these variables had no significant effect in the control group (p>0.05). Moreover, significant difference were found for IL-6 levels between continuous and control group (p=0.005). The same result also were found for TNF-ɑ levels between interval and control groups (p=0.001) as well as also between continuous training and control group (p=0.03). The mean changes of hs-CRP showed a significant difference between interval and control group (p=0.0001) and also between interval and continuous training group (p=0.01). In this way, Interval training versus aerobic training led to further decrease in levels of IL-6 (20% vs. 13.19%), TNF-ɑ (42.12% vs 29.31%) and hs CRP (52.17% vs 21.17%), respectively. Both of continuous and interval training during eight weeks could significantly decreased inflammatory cytokines levels, moreover, interval training made the most changes in these cytokines. Therefore, continuous and interval training are recommended to prevent and control cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Intracellular adhesion molecules 1 (ICAM-1) is more precise than other inflammatory indices e.g. C reactive protein (CRP) in predicting the future cardiovascular diseases. However, the roles of different types of exercise training on serum ICAM-1 level and also body inflammatory and metabolic states are not fully elucidated in patient with metabolic syndrome (Mets). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of high intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training on serum ICAM-1, CRP and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged men. thirty-four male patient with Mets were randomly divided into three groups including high intensity interval training (n=12), moderate-intensity continuous training (n=12) and Control (n=10). The fasting blood sampling and some other variable measurements were measured at baseline and also after (at 9 am) eight weeks of continuous (at 60-70% of RHR) and interval l (at 70-75% of RHR) training protocols (3 running sessions/week). Blood glucose and lipids were measured using ParsAzmoon company enzymatic kits and serum ICAM-1 and CRP levels also detected with Cusabio company ELIZA kits. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and paired samples T tests at 95% Statistical significance level. Both the continuous and interval training protocols decreased blood ICAM-1 (p=0.001, p=0.02), CRP (p=0.001, p=0.02), triglyceride (p=0.001, p=0.001), fasting blood sugar (p=0.001, p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.001, p=0.04), overall Mets z score (p=0.001, p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.03, p=0.008) respectively, while HDL was significantly increased (p=0.001, p=0.01). However, with regard to HDL (p=0.005), waist circumference (p=0.001) and Mets Z score (p=0.001), moderate-intensity continuous training showed significantly more effectiveness than high intensity interval training.  In spite of the equal effectiveness of both training protocols upon serum ICAM-1 and CRP, continuous training had more pronounced effects on waist circumference, blood HDL and overall severity of Mets which makes this protocol a better candidate to be prescribed for patients with Mets.

MicroRNA-133 and SRF is involved in various cellular processes, but the effect of endurance training on gene expression of this factors in fast and slow twitch muscles has still remained unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endurance training on miR-133 and SRF gene expression in fast and slow twitch muscles in male Wistar rats. In this study, 14 rats weighing 113±20 grams (5 weeks age) were housed under controlled conditions, after familiarization protecols they were randomly assigned into control (7 rats) and experimental (7 rats) groups. The experimental group performed 14 weeks, 6 session per week endurance training program (that gradually reached to 60 min and 30 m / min) on treadmill and 48 hours after the end of the last session, both groups were sacrificed. The soleus and EDL muscles were removed. The gene expression level of miR-133 and SRF were measured using real- time RT-PCR. Data were analysd by sample t-test. After 14 weeks of endurance training the gene expression of miR-133 of fast twitch muscle (EDL) in experimental group significantly decreased (p=0.001) than control group .But the miR-133 gene expression of slow twitch muscle (soleus) in experimental group was significantly increased (p=0.001) than control group. Also miR-133 gene expression of EDL of experimental group was significantly decresed (p=0.001) than soleus muscle of the same group; the rate of SRF gene expression of EDL of experimental group increased significantly (p=0.009) but it did not effect on SRF gene expression in soleus. Endurance training induced differences in gene expression of miR-133 and SRF gene consistent to specification of fast and slow twitch muscles.

To date, more than 100 types of kinases have been known that one of the most famous of them is the large family of mitochondria -cased kinases (MAPK), which regulated by the out-cell message (ERK). The ERK controls many important cellular functions, but the effect of resistance training on ERK protein has not been clearly revealed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on the expression of total and phosphorylated ERK proteins in the flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) in healthy male rats. For this purpose, 12 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups as experimental (n=6) and control (n=6). The experimental groups exerted resistance training including climbing on a ladder during the 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week with a weight hanging on to the tail carried out increased load has been done weekly based on body weight of mice so that the first week was from 30% to 200% in 8 weeks. Fourty eight hours after the last training session, FHL muscle was extracted and the expression of the relevant protein was measured by ELISA. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA method was used with a significance level of 0.05.  The results showed that resistance exercise significantly increased the total protein content (p=0.01) but had no significantly increased its phosphorylated form (p=0.08). Probably, long-term resistance training is not an appropriate intervention to ERK activation. In order to investigate this exercise induced changes, perhaps it is better to examine other signalling pathways.

Melatonin is the hormone with different physiological effects, especially on analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. contradictory reports published on the effect of melatonin on exercise performance. The present study attempt aimed to determine the effect of one-week oral administration of melatonin on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOSM).  In this semi-experimental study, 24 healthy male subjects randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 6 mg per day melatonin, seven days before eccentric exercise and control group similarly received placebo. Muscle soreness produced in both feet during descending from a 50 cm bench. Serum Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentration and total Antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of the pain and pressure pain, 7 days before eccentric protocol and 24, 48 and 72 hours after that were measured. Repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni comparison between two groups in each time was employed at p CPK concentration was significantly increased in the placebo group when compared before and 24 hours after DOMS (P<0.001). Perceived pain and pressure pain, 7 days before protocol and 24 and 48 hours after protocol were significantly higher in the experimental group (P<0.01). The results of this study indicated no significant increase in the TAC and the same oral supplementation with melatonin consumption (6 mg per day for seven days) had no positive effect on TAC and the biochemical and clinical symptoms of the DOMS, therefore it seems melatonin increases pain in the DOMS.