مجله پژوهشهای گیاهی (زیست شناسی ایران)
سال سی و دوم شماره 1 (بهار 1398)

Ten species with 12 populations from several families of Iran were studied. The investigation on chromosome number of native species of plants of Iran is the aim of this study. chromosome number of species make so important data of evolution. the seeds of plant were collected from several locations of Iran. Melica persica and Silene vulgaris have two populations. Chromosome counts of Papaver rhoeas (2n=14) and Filipendula vulgaris (2n=28) were reported for the first time from Iranian population. Silene vulgaris (2n=24), Phlomis olivieri (2n=20), Vicia armena (2n=10) and Melica persica (2n=18) were studied for the second time from Iranian populations. Tanacetum pinnatum (2n=18), Vicia persica (2n=10), Salvia hypoleuca (2n=22) and Papaver bracteatum (2n=14) were another species that investigated in this study from Iran. Data analysis was conducted by micromeasure and excel soft wares. Ideogram of each population was depicted. Karyotype formula of each population was present.so valuable data was reported.

Zelkova carpinifolia is one of the forest trees which is threatened by Dutch elm disease caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Forest reservoirs of this species are going to extinct, rapidly. This study was carried out in order to optimize callus induction and regeneration in Z. carpinifolia forest species. The research was carried out in completely randomized design with leaf and stem explants. The results of micro-propagation on Z. carpinifolia revealed that percentage of callus induction in leaf (82.2%)>Stem explants (72.9%). The optimum medium for callus induction (94.3) was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with BAP (2 mg/L) and NAA (1 mg/L). Also, the maximum shoot regeneration response (7.97%) from callus was observed on MS medium supplemented with GA3 (0.05 mg/L). MS medium supplemented with IBA (2 mg/L) and NAA (2 mg/L) provided 70% rooting response which was then selected as optimum rhizo-genesis media. Keywords: Zelkova carpinifolia, Zelkova tree, Tissue culture, Calligenesis, Regeneration

The genus Cardamine L. in Brassicaceae comprises about 200 species in the world and 7 species in Iran. It has great morphological and karyological diversity and complex evolutionary history. This plant was collected from six different parts of Iran. The identity of these species was further explored by DNA extraction from young leaves and amplification of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region by ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The amplified DNA was sequenced via Takapozist Company. Phylogeny reconstructions were performed using MEGA7 software. Blast and phylogeny analysis identified the collected plants as C.hirsuta C.flexuosa, C.tenera and C.uliginosa. Two known europian ecotypes of C. hirsuta (azureus and oxford from Max Planck Institute) were used as control which confirmed the outcome. These results not only confirmed the presence of at least four Cardamine species in Iran but also showed the effectiveness of ITS marker in identification of different species in the genus Cardamine.

Crataegus Sp. (Rosaceae) has medicinal, ornamental and commercial utilizations but due to interspecific hybrization, apomixis and polyploidy, it has become one of the most difficult type of trees for botanists to propagate. To overcome this and to promote the process of controlled and mass production new technologies especially tissue culture can be used. Hence, this study was conducted for in vitro optimization of micropropagation of Cataegus aronia which includes shoot proliferation and rooting. Sampling was performed during spring. The samples were then disinfected and the explants were cultured on MS medium for initial establishment. The MS media was supplemented with concentrations of Indole acetic acid, Indole butric acid, Benzylaminopurine and Thidiazuranfor shoot proliferations and 1/2 MS or MS medium with concentrations of Indole butric acid and Naphthaleneacetic acid was used for rooting experiments. The results indicate that the best proliferation occurred on 3 mg/l Benzylaminopurine + 1 mg/l Indole butric acid and the 1/2 MS medium containing 3 mg/l Indole butric acid resulted in the highest percentage of rooting.

The genus Thalictrum L. is one of the large genera of Ranunculacea family. In this study 16 population from six species and two varieties (Th. mazandaranicum، Th. minus var. majus و Th. sultanabadense و Th. isopyroides ,Th. foetidum Th. tacabicu ) have studied anatomically. The specimens have collected from their natural habits and after hand sectioning and double staining have studied. The main anatomical characters of stem were : the shape of cross section of stem, number of cholenchyma cell layers, number of schleranchyma cell layers, number of internal phloem layer, presence and number of axial parenchyma, number of vascular bundle rings, and anatomical characters of leaf epidermis such as: number of subsidiary cells, shape of cell epidermis, stomata type, length of guard cells and epidermis tricumes were the most important characters for separating the Thalictrum species. Counspicaous differences in leaf epidermis are trustful solution for separating the species.
Finaly number of palliside parenchyma rows, presence of scleranchyma fibre around vascular bundles in central midribes, presence of cholenchyma cells and trichume types were the most important anatomical characters that could diagnosing the speciesa from each other.

One of the strategies used to reduce the negative effects of various stresses on plants is the application of growth regulators such as salicylic acid. This study investigated the interaction between salicylic acid (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and cadmium chloride (0, 100, 200 and 300 µM) on growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes activity, relative water content, proline and glucose content in wheat seedlings. The results showed that cadmium stress reduced growth treats of plants from 30 to 50 percent compared to control untreated plants, significantly. Moreover, relative water content decreased by 7% and the chlorophylls a and b levels were about 2 times lower. Cadmium stress caused a three-fold increase in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes and also glucose levels dropped by 2 times. Salicylic acid spray had significant positive effects on growth traits of cadmium-stressed seedlings and between 20% to 60% increased these parameters. The relative water content of these seedlings also increased 2 times. Salicylic acid has increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased levels of chlorophyll and glucose by over 40% compared to control plants. The results of this study showed that salicylic acid is effective in reducing the negative effects of cadmium stress by increasing the amount of chlorophyll, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and changing the amount of glucose in Wheat.

Abstract Plants are frequently and naturally exposed by different of biotic and abiotic stresses including drought have negative effects on plant growth and yield. Symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi is the broadest plant strategy for acclimation to environmental stresses. Hence in present study interaction of endomycorrhizal fungus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, as Mycorrhizal fungi with Rhizobium meliloti in completely randomized blocks under three levels of irrigation and three replications wave examined. Spores of native endomycorrhizal fungus symbiont with medicago from Bagherabad region in Kerman are propagated by Zea mays and then used with mycorrhizal spores, Pseudomonas and Rhizobium separately and together in pots for three months under 3 different levels of irrigation, 70, 50, 20 persentage of field capacity. Results showed reduction of protein content but proline and reducing sugars concentration increased significantly under water stress. Changes in total nitrogen concentration were not significant. Inoculation with endomycorrhiza and bacteria significantly enhanced protein, proline, reducing sugars and nitrogen concentration under stress and without stress in comparison to control. In addition to, endomycorrhiza and bacteria had synergistic effect so that in many cases coinculation were more effective in relation to single inoculation. On the basis of these results, coinoculation with endomycorrhizal fungus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Rhizobium meliloti is suggested for increasing medicago tolerant to water stress.

The optimum temperature storage of anthurium flowers is 12.5–20 ºC because they are very sensitive to chilling injury (CI). In this study, the effects of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mM γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatment applied by preharvest spraying or postharvest stem-end dipping (15 min at 20 ºC) on CI of anthurium flowers (cv. Sirion) stored at 4 ºC for 21 days was investigated. CI symptoms were accompanied by spathe browning and increase in electrolyte leakage as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content. GABA treatment at 1 and 5 mM by pre and postharvest treatment, respectively, delayed spathe browning and increases in electrolyte leakage and MDA accumulation. Also, GABA treatments delayed decrease in total anthocyanins leading to significantly higher total anthocyanins content in GABA treated anthurium cut flowers during storage at 4 ºC for 21. GABA treatment at 1 and 5 mM by pre and postharvest treatment, respectively, delayed decrease in spathe RWC. Also, glycine betaine (GB) content in anthurium cut flowers treated with GABA was significantly higher than control flowers during storage. These results showed that GABA treatment at 1 and 5 mM by pre and postharvest treatment, respectively, ameliorated chilling injury of anthurium cut flowers, which can be used as promising technology at commercial scale.

Rose-scented geranium is a foliage pot plant which its indoor use is widespread. It also has an ever-increasing use in the perfume industry, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In order to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this house plant, the effect of salicylic acid and potassium sulfate was investigated. The factorial experiment was based on a CRD with four replications and conducted in the greenhouses of the department of horticultural sciences at Shiraz University. Foliar spray of salicylic acid and potassium sulfate were conducted at four concentrations of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l, and 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % respectively. The results showed that the interaction of salicylic acid and potassium sulfate on yield and quality of essential oils. According to the results, the treatment of 200 ppm salicylic acid and 1.5% potassium sulfate resulted in the greatest essential oil yield (1.01%). Geraniol and citronellol had the greatest abundance in the essential oils by 300 ppm salicylic acid application.

. In this research, response of almond cultivars included Tuono, Nonpareil,Mamaee, Shokofeh, Sahand, Azar, A200, A230 and 7-9 on GF677 and the GF677 in alkali conditions base on factorial experiment in completely randomized design with two factors and with three replication was investigated. The results showed that, with the increasing concentration of potassium bicarbonate in the water of irrigation,% nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and the content of zinc and ironwas reduced and necrotic leaves increased but the rate of increase or decrease in the traits measured in the between cultivars together showed significant differences. In total the traits measured showed that Sh 12 anymore and then the cultivars of the A230 and Shokofeh as the most tolerant cultivars and sahand, 7-9 as the most susceptible cultivars in the high potassium bicarbonate concentrations were detected. Also, Sh12, A230 and Shokofeh could well tolerant in 15 mg potassium bicarbonate concentration in irrigation water. Also Sh 12 30 mMpotassium bicarbonate concentration partly would tolerant in the water of irrigation. As well as the results of this study showed that the type of a scion in increase the resistance the rootstock of GF677 to the high concentration of potassium bicarbonate was effective . Most scions (except Sahand and 7-9), has more resistance to high concentrations of potassium bicarbonate in comparison with non-graft rootstock.

Damask Rose (Rosa damascene Mill.) is one of the most important aromatic roses that used in perfume, essence and medicinal products. This study was conducted to survey the effects of the plant growth regulators on proliferation and rooting capability of Damask rose. The collected samples were disinfected using 10% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite for 15 minute and 70% Alcohol. The treatments which used in this study were two kinds of cytokinin hormones (BA and BAP) in three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1) for establishment stage and four concentrations of same hormones (0, 1, 2 and 3) for Proliferation stage and auxin hormone IBA in three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1) for rooting stage. All of the samples were cultured in modified MS media with three replications, in a way that every replication included 3 explants that were based on randomized complete design (CRD). Results of data analysis showed that the highest establishment percentage was 88/89 percent which obtained at 0.5 mg/li BA and the lowest establishment percentage was 20 percent which obtained at 0.0 mg/li BAP. The mean comparison showed that the highest proliferation (3.83) and length of branch (5.34 cm) were achieved at 3 mg (BA), and the lowest proliferation percentage and length of branch were seen, respectively (1.96) at non hormone treatments. The highest rooting percentage was 85% that obtained in 1/2 MS medium containing 0.5 mg/li (IBA) and the lowest rooting percentage (%36) was seen at non hormone treatment.

In the present study, the effects of silicon nutrition under salinity stress have been investigated on Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown on hydroponic culture. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design in factorial form. The first factor was salinity including 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl and the second factor was silicon including 0 and 1.5 mM sodium silicate. The results indicated that salinity increased concentration of Na+ and decreased relative water content and concentration of Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ about 27, 49, 66 and 19 percent respectively. Consequently, plants were faced with oxidative stress that caused enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities as well as phenols. In addition, salinity stress increased soluble sugars and decreased starch content that probably indicated plant acclimation for insufficient osmotic adjustment. Silicon nutrition alleviated the oxidative stress caused by salinity that may associated to the increasing K+ and Mg2+ content and raising antioxidant enzymes activity. Beside, increase of reducing sugars, decrease of starch and enhancement of relative water content following silicon application indicated improvement of plant water status. As a result, silicon fed plants indicated greater growth compared to non silicon fed ones under salinity. The results indicated that silicon could mitigate salinity stress in Arabidopsis thaliana plants through minimizing oxidative stress and improvement of water status.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are one of the most symbiotic in nature that has forced many benefits, including the absorption of water and nutrients in host plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between AMF associated with Crataegus pontica and environmental factors. For this purpose, 54 samples of soil and root were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm. Soil samples for extraction and identification of fungi and physico-chemical properties (soil texture, bulk density, thickness of the litter, pH, EC, potassium, phosphorus, organic matter, nitrogen) were transferred to the laboratory. The results showed that 13 species of AMF species associated with Crataegus pontica trees. Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Glomus caesaris were the most and Acaulospora thomii and Entrophospora infrequens were the least species. Also, the results showed that the frequency of fungal spores in the Dinarkoh habitat were more than Arghavan habitat. Furthermore, there are significant correlation between root colonization, spore frequency and soil potassium and pH. The results of principal component analysis showed that there are significant correlation between colonization and spore density and soil potassium and litter thickness.

Two species of Rosa, Rosa canina and Rosa beggeriana, are widely propagated due to their rapid growth and good fragrance. Considering propagation problems of rose flower through traditional ways, in vitro micropropagation methods are recommended. One of the problems of in vitro cultures of Rosa species is yellowing of leaves. Therefore, in the present study, two experiments were designed in order to increase greenery of leaves in in vitro cultures of R. canina and R. beggeriana. In the first experiment, the effects of modified MS basal medium (containing 8.34 mg/L FeSO4 and 30 mg/L AgNO3) and two types of plant growth regulators, BAP and TDZ, were studied. According to the results, the highest greenery percentage of leaves was observed in the medium containing 1 mg/L of BA and 8.34 mg/L FeSO4 (42.6%). The second experiment was designed to study the effects of two types of iron (FeSO4 and Fe-EDDHA) in MS medium containing, 1 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA. Results showed that combinational use of FeSO4 and Fe-EDDHA resulted in the highest greenery of leaves (67.15%), branch length (3.92cm) and dry weight (0.03g). Rooting of regenerated plantlets in solid 1/2MS medium containing 0.25 mg/L BA, 1 mg/L IBA, 0.1 mg/L NAA and 40 g/L sucrose, showed the highest number of roots per plantlet (9.1) and root length (4.03 cm).

African violet as one of the important economic ornamental plants could be propagated through tissue culture technique in a short time and limited space. The effect of different growth regulators on shoot production, leave number, root number and rooting time was measured. 'Pretty Miss Kelly' young leaves were collected, and after disinfection, were divided into pieces with dimensions of 1cm*1cm. Therefore, effect of different combination of NAA, BAP, and IAA on shoot regeneration from leaf segments was monitored. Moreover, the effects of various combinations of BAP and AdS has been evaluated on the number of leaves. Subsequently, different root induction mediums including ½ MS with 0.005 mg/l NAA, MS without growth regulators and sterile sand were investigated. The obtained data was analysed by factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The results showed that 0 mg/l NAA or 0.1 mg/l NAA in combination with 0.1 mg/l BAP and also 0 mg/l IAA in combination with with 0.1 mg/l of BAP are most suitable for shoot production. The best level of AbS and BAP regarding leaf number was inturn 15 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l. A better performance for root induction happened in sterile sand with an average of 25 roots per plantlet. In the case the root induction time, ½ MS with with 0.005 mg/l NAA with an average of 10 days was the best. Therefore, the most appropriate nutrient mediums in various stages for In vitro micrpropagation of African violet from leaf segments was identified.

Each region's plants are as a result of communities' reactions to environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to introduce floristic list, life forms and endangered species of Ghamsar protected area. This region covers about 36700 hactars and lies in the southwest part of Kashan. The results showed that 576 plant species existed in the region belonging to 80 families and 355 genera. A total of 355 genera, 50 genera (8.7 %) and 69 species (11.9 %) belong to monocotyledons order and 299 genera (51.9 %) and 500 species (86.8 %) belongs to dicotyledons order. The families with high number of species are including, Compositae (76 species), Labiata and Graminae (Each with 50 species), Fabaceae (47 species), Cruciferae(37 species), Umbelliferae (35 species) and Caryophyllaceae (28 species) respectively. The geographic distribution of plants indicated, the most geographical distribution is related to Iranian-Turanian vegetation area with 381 species (66.1 %) and Iranian-Turanian / Europea-Siberia / Mediterranean vegetation area with 33 species (5.7 %) respectively. According to Raunkiaer’s life form, species followed as: 32.2% hemicryptophytes (186 species), 31.96% therophytes (184 species). Threatened species included 33 totally belonging to Irano-Turanian. Among which them the endangered class, vulnerable, lower risk and data deficient were 2, 3, 26 and 2 species respectively.

Hypnea Lamouroux is one of the red algae that planted in many of countries due to produce of carrageenan. There are different species of this genus in subtidal zones of warm water. The genus includes about 53 species in worldwide that approximately 9 species have been reported from Iran. Species of this genus are growing on rocks, stones, shells or epiphytic with other algae. In this study morphology, anatomy and morphological diversity of H. pannosa J. Agardh has been conducted for the first time in Iran. In this study 15 individuals from 7 populations were investigated. Thirteen different qualitative and quantitative characteristics were measured and standardized and were used in analysis. Differences in the morphology of the studied populations were observed, So that populations of Oman sea (Tis and Remin) separated from the Persian Gulf (Qeshm and Bandar Lenge) by the characteristics of color, abundance of lateral branches and number of medullary cell layers.

Centella asiatica (L.) is a popular and highly usable herb in the Middle East, Europe and the United States. It has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, and is also used to treat asthma and bronchitis. In recent years, due to overexploitation, and ineffectual efforts to revitalize this valuable herbal source, the abundance of C. asiatica (L.) in nature has suffered significantly, increasing the risk of its extinction. Therefore, interest in micropropagation of this valuable herb through in vitro plant tissue culture techniques has grown considerably. In this study also, for the first time, the micropropagation of this valuable medicinal plant was carried out through plant tissue culture by nodal explants. In order to proliferation, nodal explants collected from herbal material in Gilan province, after sterilization were cultured in MS medium supplemented with BA 1 mgL-1and IBA 0.1 mgL-1. After 1 month, For studying the in vitro shoot proliferation responses, free-contaminated shoot explants were cultured in 9 treatments of modified MS medium, and MS medium supplemented with BA 0.5 mgL-1, 2ip 0.5 mgL-1 and NAA 0.1 mgL-1 was selected as the best treatment. In the comparison of the effect of 11 different hormonal treatments in MS medium on rooting percentage and acclimatization, the MS medium supplemented with IBA 0.5 mgL-1 was chosen as the best treatment.

In order to investigate the interaction effects of salinity and magnesium on growth, physiological characteristics and content of some nutrients in Zygophyllum fabago plants, a factorial experiment designed and was carried out in perlite with Hoagland solution. The treatments consisted of two levels of salinity (0 and 300 mM) and three levels of 0, 2 and 6 mM magnesium over on magnesium content in Hoagland (2 mM). The application of magnesium in saline conditions led to an increase in the dry weight of the shoot over two times of control (55 g D.W.) and root over 30%. Salinity increased leaf water content. While the salinity and magnesium interaction led to a relative decrease in LWCA near the control amount about 400 g H2O2 m-2. Salinity and its interaction with magnesium led to a negative effect of osmotic potential of leaves, which was a more negative contribution of sodium in saline treatments than control, but the interaction effects decreased significantly contribution of potassium to osmotic potential. Salinity and magnesium reduced the amount of calcium, magnesium and potassium and increased the sodium content of the Zygophyllum organs. It seems that adding the appropriate amount of magnesium to the growth medium can improve plant growth under saline conditions by introducing appropriate changes in the absorption and accumulation of other elements. Also, high concentration of sodium in its leaves directly used for osmotic regulation, which reduces the leaf water potential, improves the leaf water condition and thus improves growth.

In this study, effect of different concentrations of poly ethylene glycol and sorbitol on varieties of grape: Tola-Gozo, Syah, Inah-Amjaei, Rishbaba, Garamalihi, Hoseini, Dast-Archin and Rasha were evaluated and growth indices such as the number and length of shoot, number of leaf, the number and length of root and number and length of sub root were measured. The results showed that increasing the concentration of PEG reduced the growth. So that at concentration of 60 g l-1, the lowest growth were observed. In contrast, the largest increase in growth were observed in the control treatment. Decrease growth in medium containing PEG in the different cultivars were different which showed that the different varieties show different resistance to drought. Comparison of mean as to cultivars showed that Tola-Gozo and Inah-Amjaei produced the highest and lowest number leaf, length root and number sub root, respectively. In all traits at concentration of 60 g 1-l of Tola-Gozo, Syah, Hoseini and Rasha cultivars have the highest amount of characters, so most tolerant to drought. The results of analysis of variance showed on sorbitol, cultivars effect and sorbitol effect on all traits were significant at the 5% level. Where as, The interaction effects were not significant. Control and concentration of 30 grams per liter of sorbitol. The lowest and highest have in number and stem length, leaf number, and the number and length of roots, respectively. Comparison showed The highest and lowest value Syah, Inah-Amjaei is produced, respectively.