مجله علمی شیلات ایران
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 112، خرداد و تیر 1398)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Artemisia annua extract on the hematological and blood serum indexes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish with average initial weight (90.32± 1.12) were fed diets supplemented with graded levels 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % of extract (T1, T2, T3 and T4) for 60 days. At the end of this period, The results showed that growth rate increased significantly (P<0.05) in fish fed diet containing plant extract in T3 (143.70± 10.62 g) compared with the control (130.63± 5.99 g). Results indicated that RBC, Hb and MCHC were higher in fish fed diets containing A. annua compared with the control. WBC, PCV and MCH had no significant change (P>0.05) in experiment groups compared with the control. Serum biochemical parameters showed that glucose levels were significantly increased in extract fed treatments. There was no significant difference in albumin levels between experimental treatments. The results of liver enzymes showed that fish fed diets had no significant difference (P>0.05) in activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared with control. The addition of A. annua extract in the diet of common carp compared to control can be an acceptable effect on fish health status, but does not affect the liver enzymes.

8-week feeding trial was conducted for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to determine the optimal amount of Tenebrio molitor meal (TM) that could replace fishmeal in feeds without reducing growth performance, hematological indices and non-specific immune responses. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with TM replacing 0% (Control), 25% (TM25), 50% (TM50), 75% (TM75) and 100% (TM100) fishmeal respectively. Each diet was randomly divided into triplicate groups with 20 juveniles (initial weight 10±0.5 g). At the end of the experiment, the mean of the final weight of the fish fed diets with control (41.7±0.7) and diet containing 25% TM powder (43.1±2.1) was significantly higher than other treatments (p<0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in control (0.76±0.1) which had a significant difference compared to TM75 (0.93±0.06) (p<0.05). Weight gain (WG) was affected by dietary TM inclusion and decreased with increasing TM. Red blood cells was not affected by treatment, while hemoglobin content and hematocrit decreased with increasing TM inclusion levels (p<0.05). Plasma complement activity, the IgM level and cortisol were not affected by dietary TM. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on plasma glucose and triglyceride of fish compared to the control (p<0.05). Plasma total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly affected by dietary TM (p<0.05). Plasma cortisol levels and alternative complement (ACH50) pathway activity did not show any significant difference among treatments (p>0.05). According to a broken-line model, the recommended substituted ratio of TM for fish meal was estimated to be 25% for rainbow trout obtaining maximum weight gain.

Fucoidan, a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide that contains fucose and sulfate groups which found in the cellular wall of brown algae which in this study, the effects of its various levels on the non-specific immune response, blood biochemical factors and antibacterial activity of serum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with mean weight of 74.8 ± 70 g for 8 weeks were investigated. The treatments consisted of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2% of fucoidan per kg of diet in the form of five treatments, three replications were performed in 100 liters tanks. Based on the findings of this study, there were no significant different among different groups of RBC indices such as RBC, HB, HCT, MCV, MCHC and MCH (p> 0.05), while the number of WBC was significantly different among different groups (p<0.05). TP, HDL-C, LDL-C were significantly affected by diets containing fucoidan (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of glucose between treatments (p>0.05). The serum lysozyme (LZM) activities, Complement system, C3 and C4 had a significant effect on different treatments (p<0.05). The highest and lowest activity of lysozyme, total Complement system (ACH50), and the level of C4 and C3 proteins, were observed in treatment /1 F diet and control, respectively. Antibacterial activity of serum was significantly different in control group with experimental groups (p<0.05). The highest and lowest levels of antibacterial serum were observed in 0.1 F diet and 2, respectively. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that fucoidan stimulates the innate immune system of rainbow trout.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in diet for Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) in a randomized design with three treatments in triplicates using 9 aquarium for 9 weeks. Twenty pieces of Oscar fish with average weight 3.6±0.5 g were stocked in each replication. The earthworm meal (as fed) at the levels of 0, 50 and 100% was replaced with Biomar diet in Oscar fish diet. Fish were fed with experiential diets included: 1-Biomar 2- Mixture of Biomar and earthworm meal with equal ratio 3- Earthworm meal. Daily food intake calculated by the weight of fish (3% of body weight) and fish were fed 3 times a day. Physical and chemical properties of water, such as temperature (28.2°C±0.5), oxygen (7.8ppm±0.2) and pH (8.1±0.11), were control.  At the end of study growth performance, feed utility and survival rates were measured. The highest body weight increase (173.2% (gr)±0.23), specific growth rate (2.02 (%)±0.26), average daily growth (17.4 (%)±3.15), protein efficiency ratio (1.85 (%)±0.16) and least feed conversion ratio (0.99 (%)±0.05) observed in Biomar treatment (p<0.05). But greatest survival ratio observed in diet contained earthworm powder. The results assessment showed that neither 50% nor 100% worm meal could not supply Oscar fish nutritional requirements.

In this research, the effect of organic fertilizers was studied on the growth performance of carps fry. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replications in 300 liters of tanks within 3 months. 60 pieces of fish fry with an average weight of 0.6 ± 0.05 g were randomly storage in each tank per 0.5: 1.5: 2: 6 (respectively, 5%, 15%, 20% and 60% respectively big head, grass carp, common carp, silver carp). Seven treatments were included control (C), vermicompost of 1 kg/m3 (T1), vermicompost fertilizer  1.5 kg/m3  (T2), compost fertilizer 1 kg/m3  (T3), compost fertilizer 1.5 kg/m3 (T4), cow manure 1 kg/m3  (T5), chicken manure 0.6 kg/m3 (T6) used in 3 replicates. Primary production, plankton and water quality parameters (temperature, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen-ammonium and phosphate) were measured weekly or twice weekly. At the end of the experiment period, the growth indices were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton and zooplankton was observed in T1 treatment and the lowest in control group (p<0.05). The highest amount of benthos was observed in T6 treatment compared to other group. Based on the results, the best growth performance was observed in T1 treatment, except to T6 treatment with other treatments (p<0.05). Overall, the results of this study suggest that vermicompost application of 1 kg/m3  can improve the quality parameters of water, plankton and performance of Carps fry.

Zooplanktons have an important role in food chain of the aquatic ecosystems, which acts as a food chain link between producers (phytoplankton) and higher nutritional levels. The purpose of this research was to identify and study the zooplankton density in the southeastern basin of the Caspian Sea (Gorgan Bay). Sampling was performed seasonally and samples were collected by zooplankton net (36 cm and mesh size of 100µm) with three replications from three areas including: pan-cultures, Ashooradeh pier and entrance of sea water to the Bay. In this study, zooplankton groups belong to 16 species of 6 phylum were identified containing: Copepoda, Rotatoria, Protozoa, intermediate zooplankton (zoobenthose) and a group including other zooplankton groups. The mean Shannon diversity index during sampling time was 1.57±0.26, Margalef species richness index was 1.83±0.43, and for the uniformity index was 0.69±0.12. The lowest Shannon Diversity Index was 1.12 in the autumn station 6 was considered due to human activity, commuting boats (tourists and fish hunting), and the oil pollutants in this region, and the highest Margalef index was 2.76 in the spring station 2 and the Pielou's evenness index was highest for the winter at station 5 (0.92). Cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling showed the similarity of stations with each other based on abundance distribution of species in two distinct groups. Finding of research could play an important role in environmental protection in the Gorgan Bay.

The aim of this study was to prepare rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) visceral protein hydrolysate (VPH), determine the peptide molecular weight and using rainbow trout visceral protein hydrolysate in diet of rainbow trout juvenile to investigate its effects on some hematological and blood serum biochemical parameters. The viscera of rainbow trout were hydrolyzed by alcalase enzyme and Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysate was obtained 85±1.6 %. The protein hydrolysate was used for the second phase of the experiment. For this purpose, four diets were prepared including VPH free as the control and three diets with 0.5, 1, and 2 percent VPH inclusions. Juvenile rainbow trout (n = 252; 9.74 ± 0.22 g) were randomly distributed in the treatments (with three replicates) and fed with the prepared diets based on satiation, 3 times a day for 60 days. Peptide polecular weight ranged from 700 D to 2 KD. Final evaluated parameters were hematological (RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC), serum biochemical (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol and triglyseride) indices and lysosyme. Increasing the VPH up to 2 % caused to increase hemoglobin (P<0.05). RBC and WBC showed no significant differences among treatments (P>0.05).  The lowest hematocrit was observed in 1 % treatment (P<0.05). The highest amounts of albumin and cholesterol were observed in 2 % treatment and the highest amount triglyseride and the lowest amount of glucose were observed in control group (P<0.05).  All VPH-containing treatments had higher amount Lysosyme activity than control as such with inceasing VPH up to 2 % coused to increase the lysosyme activity and the lowest amount of that was observed in control (P<0.05). The results indicate that a diet containing 2 % of VPH cause to affect on some mentioned haemetological and serum biochemical parameters and could improve immunity in in juvenile rainbow trout.

The purpose of this study was evaluation of export performance of Iranian caviar and identification of its affecting factors. Therefore, this study has examined  theimpact of variables like ability of strategic sustainability management, the measure of export market-oriented and export flexibility taking into consideration of environmental differences between internal and external market on export performance of Iran's caviar. Current research with the view to objective is applied research and with a view to data collection is descriptive research and Statistical population of this study to include all managers of exporting firms Caviar exporting companies in Iran. Cronbach's alpha was 0.9 which indicates that the reliability of the questionnaire is appropriate. Connection between research variable has been investigated through path analysis in LISREL Version 8.8 software. The consequence of this study shows that strategic sustainability management has the most impact on Caviar export performance of Iran. After that parameters of export flexibility, export market-oriented behavior finally dynamic of market have significant and positive impact on export performance.

In the present study, the primary cell lines were derived from caudal fin explants of the Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum), using two treatments (tissue culturing without enzyme and after trypsin treatment). For this purpose, pieces of caudal fin tissue (1 millimeter cubic) were isolated from 10 healthy young fish with an average weight of 12±1 g and a mean length of 11±1cm in sterile condition then were explanted in L-15 medium (Leibovitz L-15) with fetal bovine serum (10 and 20%) and penicillin-streptomycyne at pH 6.8 and 7.2 and kept at 21 and 24 °C. From the second day, a mixture of various cell types was observed and attached to the cell culture flask, but the uniform cell layer consist of cells with heterogeneous epithelial morphology and fibroblast-like were appeared after 12 to 14 days. Subculture was performed using trypsin enzyme. In subcultures, a single cell layer consists of cells with homogeneous epithelial morphology was formed. So far, these cells have been passaged for 21 times. Results indicate the possibility of producing a permanent cell line from the fin tissue of Rutilus frisii kutum.

Four components were used to identification the effective physical-chemical factors of water on the variations of dominant fish families. The total variation of the variables was concluded 94/17 % and 90/5%, related to the loaded components in artificial reefs of Bandar-E-Salakh and Bandar-E-Bostaneh respectively.Assessment of the loaded factors in each of the components were identified that nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and chlorophyll a factors with positive load and temperature and salinity with negative factor load as the most important factors affecting the demographic changes of some fish families. Temperature, pH, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were diagnosed parameters for water quality in two areas based on PCA results. The results of this study showed that nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and chlorophyll a) had great influence on structure of fish in artificial reefs, that together with the physical-chemical parameters of water to impact on the chain and food web of fish and fauna of these ecosystems, ultimately.

The present study aimed to investigate antibacterial and antioxidant properties of proteins produced by the enzyme hydrolysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin produced by alcalase and flavourzyme enzymes. Antibacterial activity of skin protein hydrolysate were done by disc diffusion, agar pit diffusion and microdilution methods. Antioxidant activity of skin protein hydrolysate were investigated by DPPH free radical inhibitory and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) at three concentrations of 200, 500 and 800 ppm. The results showed that skin protein hydrolysate by alcalase and flavourzyme were not able to inhibit growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains (standard strains) but they had antioxidant activity. Degree of hydrolysis in SPH produced by flavourzyme was more than the alcalase (43.83 ± 1.75   ). The radical DPPH inhibitory power of SPH produced by alcalase was significantly higher than the flavourzyme (p<0.05). However, FRAP results in SPH produced by flavourzyme was significantly higher than the alcalase (p<0.05). By increasing protein concentrations, the antioxidant properties of the SPH increased. In the event that, the synthetic anti-oxidants BHA and BHT had radical DPPH inhibitory power and ferric reducing power higher than alcalase and flavourzyme hydrolyzed proteins.The results showed that the hydrolyzed proteins less than 3 kD of Rainbow trout skin could not inhibit the growth of bacteria but they can be offered as a natural antioxidant in the preparation of foods and health products.

Today, the use of herbal drugs has been developed in animal husbandry. Rainbow trout is also known as an important fish for breeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of oral consumption of Aloe Vera gel on growth performance and some blood parameters of rainbow trout. The number of 90 apparently healthy rainbow trout on a biological condition with an approximate weight of 107 ± 3.5g was divided into two groups: control (basal diet) and treatment (basal diet + 0.5% Aloe vera gel) with 3 replications and in terms of fish appetizers were fed to the extent. At the end of the 2-month period, the food conversion ratio and blood sample (Total protein, Albumin, AST, ALT, White and Red blood cells, Hematocrit, Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Uric acid) were measured. The results showed that the food conversion ratio was lower than the control group (p<0.05). Blood biochemical analysis showed no significant changes in Total protein, Albumin, AST, ALT and Uric acid between control and treatment group (p> 0.05), but significant reduction was observed in Glucose, Cholesterol and Triglyceride (p<0.05). According to the results, oral consumption of Aloe vera gel can be effective in improving the nutritional performance and reduce the physiological sugar and lipids of blood, and it is recommended during the period of breeding mentioned fish.

Coastal waters of Khuzestan and Hormozgan provinces are very important in the fisheries industry. Due to of direct and indirect impacts of the Jellyfish on the dynamic of fish larvae and zooplankton, study of their population is very important. So that in this study scyphomedusae were collected in summer and winter of 2015 from 6 stations of coastal waters of Khuzestan and Hormozgan. Sampling was taken place using a shrimp trawl net with 55 mm mesh size. The physicochemical parameters of water also were measured while sampling. A total of 8 species of Medusa were identified based on morphological traits. The most abundant species in both seasons and in coasts of Khuzestan and also Hormozgan provinces was Catostylus tagi. The species Marivagia stellate together with Cyanea sp. and Chrysaora spp. genera were reported for the first time from the Persian Gulf waters. Also results of PCA showed that in the first component, the highest correlation obtained between C. tagi and M. stellata with temperature and in the second component, the highest correlation was found between Chrysaora sp1 and salinity. The Shannon diversity Index was calculated to a small extent in Khuzestan waters relative to the coastal waters of Hormozgan. Crambionella orsini species was found only in coastal waters of Khuzestan and Cassiopea andromeda species only in Hormozgan coastal waters.

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum level of fish protein isolate (FPI) as a fat replacer for the production of a low fat hamburger using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) and investigating some of the functional characteristics of the product. For this purpose, FPI was developed from yellowfin tuna fish (Thunnus albacares) canning by-product using pH-shift method. On the other hand, veal burger was produced by the replacing fat with FPI with the ratios of 0 (control), 3%, 6%, 9% and 12%. Samples containing FPI were compared for sensory attributes and evaluation of the proximate compositions, pH, reduction in product diameter, cholesterol, water holding capacity (WHC), color and texture profiles. The results showed that the increase in FPI did not affect the odor of the product, but this had a significant effect on other sensory properties such as flavor, texture, color and overall acceptance (p<0.05). On the other hand, the moisture, ash and protein contents of the samples increased with increasing FPI in the hamburger and these indexes in the prototype containg 12% FPI were 67.84, 4.97 and 26.40% respectively which were significantly the highest levels amoung the other prototypes (p<0.05). The highest WHC (52.50%) and cooking yield (91.75%), as well as the lowest decrease in diameter (9.85%), were found in this sample. The texture of this prototype also had the most elasticity (0.49), cohessiveness (0.74) and chewingness (165.15 mj) amoung the samples. Using QDA sensory data and principal component analysis (PCA) for comparing the results revealed that the optimum level of FPI in low fat hamburger formulation was 12%. Therefore, complete replacement of fat with FPI in the hamburger formulation is possible and by decreasing the amount of cholesterol, a good marketable product can be produced for those who are looking for low-fat and low-cholesterol products.

The effects of dietary protein levels were investigated on growth, carcass biochemical composition and apparent digestibility coefficient in Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius. The present study was carried out in a completely randomized design with five experimental diets containing five different dietary levels of protein: 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55%, and 15 fish per replication of each with an initial weight of 4.85 ± 0.45 g for 105 days.  Average oxygen concentration and water temperature were 7.6 ± 0.68 mg L-1 and 17.7 ± 1.5 °C, respectively, throughout the experimental period. Significantly higher final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor were observed in the fish fed diet with 40 and 45% protein compared to those fed on the 35 and 55 % protein diets. Feed efficiency ratio in treatments fed 35 and 55 % protein were significantly higher than those of fish fed 40 and 45% dietary protein levels (P≤ 0.05). Crude protein content increased with the increasing dietary protein levels, whereas crude lipid and moisture composition decreased with the increasing dietary protein levels. Therefore, it can be cocluded that increased levels of protein in the diets for juvenile Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius) up to 40 and 45% improved growth performance, feed utilization parameter and economic aspect.

Determining the amount of trophy in aquatic ecosystems is important because increasing the availability of nutrients is affectings all levels of aquatic ecosystems as well as changes in species abundance, migration, reduce in biodiversity and changes in the structure and composition of communities. Therefore, there should be a proper method for determining the trophy state or production in the ecosystem. The current methods for determining the amount of trophy are based on three physical, chemical and biological parameters. Pole-dokhtar County has 11 wetlands with 8 permanent and 3 seasonal wetlands and is known as the wetland city of Iran. In this research to assess the trophic status of 8 permanent Pole-dokhtar wetlands, monthly sampling were conducted in summer and winter of 2017 and the Carlsson Trophy Index (TSI) was used for calculation of total phosphoric (TP) concentration and total nitrogen (TN). The results showed the Lfanhe wetland 1 was in yotrophic conditions, the Lfanhe wetland 2 was in acute mesotrophy and other wetlands were located in mild mesotrophic nutrition in the summer. In the winter, due to the reduction of air temperature and consequently the decrease of evaporation and the increase in the input of surface and underground waters to wetlands, all of wetlands were in the mild mesotrophic conditions. Based on the average annual Carlson index, the Lfanhe 1 and Lfanhe 2 wetlands were in mesotrophic conditions and 6 wetlands were in mild mesotrophic conditions. Valiasr Natural Park wetlands with annual mean 42.3 characterized by mesotrophic conditions and Tang Fani wetlands with annual mean 34.08 was in the low mosotrothic conditions. In the Pole-Dokhtar wetlands, the annual suspended sediment load and water turbidity have increased due to the large amounts of sediment accumulation in the area, which eventually leads to the development of aquatic plants in the water surface and accelerates utrification of wetlands.

A total of 180 fish samples from three commercially important teleosts (Epinephelus coioides, Euthynnus affinis and Thunnus tonggol fish) of Persian Gulf across Hormozgan coast were investigated for plerocercoid infestation, which were sampled from Jun 2017 to September 2017. The parasites were fixed, stained, mounted on to slides and identified. Epinephelus coioides was not infested. Following larval trypanorhynch species were isolated and identified: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis، Pterobothrium sp.and Grillotia erinaceous. Thirteen fish (7.2%) were infested with trypanorhynch plerocerci which were isolated from abdominal cavity and musculature. Based on the results, the highest infestatin and maximum intensity were demonstrated for C. gracilis in Thunnus tonggol fish. C. gracilis was isolated from the musculature of 3.33% of Thunnus tonggol fish.

The present research aimed to study some biological parameters of  Alosa caspia Caspian Sea in the southeast Mazandaran Province in 2014-2015. A total of 600 samples were examined during this period and data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the mean fork length and total weight of A. caspia was 24.22 ± 54.2 cm and 167.63 ± 63.59 g, respectively, and the length and weight relationship were as W = 0.0558 FL 2.68 R2 = 0.825 for females and W = 0.0553FL 2.65 R2 = 0.825 for males. The results also showed that the age structure of the fish was about 1-5 years old, with the age group of 2 years (with a mean length of 25 cm and an average weight of 190 g), the most frequent (47%). The female sex ratio of male to female was 1:2. Also, the stage 3 of sexual maturity with the frequency of 45% was the highest in the sample population. According to the results, the average length and weight of the Caspian Sea has increased in recent years, but, on the contrary, the frequency of fish with lower ages has also increased. Therefore, given the important role and importance of these fish in the food resource chain of the Caspian Sea, the conservation has a great importance.

Ceratium hirundinella is considered as a biological indicator in the environmental and climate changes. In the summer of 2018, the presence of Ceratium hirundinella reported in the Iranian region of the Caspian Sea. So the present study conducted to survey trend of Ceratium hirundinella fluctuations in the Iranian basin of the Caspian Sea during the last 3 decay. The study showed that in the winter of 1995, Ceratium contained very little percentage of phytoplankton density. In the summer of 2013, contribution of the species in dinoflagellates and total phytoplankton biomass reported 34 and 31% respectively. The percentage of Ceratium participation in phytoplankton biomass increased to 70% in summer of 2018. The study also showed that the increasing of water temperature and pH coincided to the Ceratium presence recorded, compared to the same time in the study area. Meanwhile, the trophic state changed from oligotrophic to mesotrophic condition. The annual changes of ceratium (presence and abundance) in the phytoplankton composition may be a response to increase of the regional warming and anthropogenic activity. The Ceratium bloom affects the feeding of planktivore organisms and causes water oxygen decreasing, which it led to fishes killing. Recently, the tendency of aquaculture has been increased in the Caspian Sea, so the monitoring and control methods of Ceratium hirundinella should be considered in the area.

In this paper systematics of the gastropods of the Quaternary deposits were studied in the Caspian Sea in an exploration well in the northern city of Aq Qala in Golestan province. In this subsurface studied, total thickness of Quaternary deposits is 2585m. A Total of 11 species, 8 genera of 5 families of gastropods are reported. The identified gastropods show that since the beginning of the Quaternary the contents of these gastropods in the Caspian Sea have been adapted to sea level fluctuations.