نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 48، بهار 1398)

Farm experiments are useful in knowing the drainage systems but they have considerable limitations including the inability to use them as prediction tools. Application of simulation models can cover these deficiencies but it is necessary to use the field data to evaluate the accuracy of the model. In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and model DRAINMOD are used to predict water table.
For this purpose, field R9-11 of the Debal Khazaei sugarcane plantation is selectedand Input parameters of the models, including fluctuations in water table, the volume of irrigation water, drainage flow, Climatic data, Soil physical properties and Drainage system parameters were measured from November 2013 to October 2014. The results have showed that the artificial neural network method has a highest accuracy in predicting water table. So that the average RMSE between measured and simulation with Artificial Neural Networks and DRAINMOD obtained 0.02 and 16.8 respectively.

Rivers are the most important water resources that play an important role in providing the water needed for various activities such as agriculture, industry and drinking, so the conservation and optimal use of water resources is one of the principles of sustainable development in each country. In this research, water quality data of Tajan River, one of the most important water resources of Mazandaran province, was studied during two years from 2003 to 2013 in two stations of of Kordkheil and Soleyman Tangeh. To study of the correlation between variables, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and to investigate the water quality and the water qualitative parameters variation Piper and Schoeller diagram were used.Based on the results of the PCA, it was determined that for controlling river water quality, at the Kordkheil station in the first 6 months of the year except for pH and in the 6 months of the second year except for (SO42-, Q and pH), all parameters were prioritized. At the Soleyman Tangeh station, parameters (EC, TDS, K+, HCO3- and Ca2+) in the first six months of the year and the parameters (TDS, Cl-, Na+ and SAR) in the second 6 months of the year are the priorities. According to the Piper diagram, the chemical type of Tajan River water at Kordkheil and Soleyman Tangeh stations is Bicarbonate-Magnesium-Calcium. Also, based on the results of the Schuler diagram, it was found that the river water is good at both stations and is suitable for drinking.
Survey and Trends of Chemical Water Quality Parameters of Tajan River Water Quality Using Principal Component Analysis and Aqua Chem Software

Optimal utilization of multi-purpose reservoirs is one of the complex and sometimes non-linear issues in multi-objective optimization. One of the appropriate decision-making ways for optimal utilization of the water resources was the modeling of optimization problems of utilization from dam reservoir by using of different mathematical methods.
In this study was evaluated, the current status of utilization and providing of optimum utilization and appropriate policy for the dam reservoir. For this purpose was used linear programming model and optimization of utilization of intended reservoir dam model. Evaporation simulation of the system were performed by using imput flow.
The results showed that the existing policy of reservoir utilization, only in the raining pick months is capable of demand meeting, while low-water months are critical use-months. Also, the value of reservoir saving by using of linear programming model at SQ method estimated in about 23% more than the existing reservoir utilization method.
In conclusion, the result showed that using of linear programming model can be effective in optimal utilization of reservoir dams. Which inturn helps to facilitate the development and implementation of water resources management strategies.

Pesticides are chemical substances that use to control insects, fungis, weeds and other pests. Residuals of pesticides maybe enter to food chain through air, water and soil and cause health problems for ecosystems, birds, animals and humans. Common methods to detect pesticides including, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). But these methods are time consuming and require a technician to control, so use of biosensor can be useful in this field.
An acetylcholinesterase biosensor was used to detection of organophosphate pesticides (case study: Paraoxon). Qualitative identification of pesticides based on inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and reduce activity of it in the face of pesticides. Also Other parameters were investigated such as pH, concentration of pesticides and sustainability of biosensor also.
The designed biosensor showed high sensitivity to paraoxon concentration. Under optimal condition, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by paraoxon had a linear relation with increasing concentrations of the paraoxon in the range of 10-7 to 10-4 mM. Also prepared sensor showed good stability.
The designed acetylcholinesterase enzymatic biosensor with 2.14 × 10-7 mM identification limit can be use as a sensitive and accurate detector in order to rapid identification pesticides in contaminated environment such as soil and water, in industry and agriculture sectors.

Preparation of land use and land cover maps in order to inform from land use and planning with optimal planning one of the basic measures to achieve sustainabll developement. This issue is more important in sensitive areas and particularly in wetland due to dependence of hydrologic and biogeological performance of them to surface and groundwater flows and their status in the landscape. Nowdays, many algorithms have developed to compare maps of land use / cover maps. The aim of this study is comparison of two methods of maximum likelihood and fuzzy method for preparation of land use/cover maps in Gandoman international wetland and the land around it using Landsat images. For this study, Images (2014) were used related to landsat. Based on obtained results the study area was classified into farmland, bare land, rangeland and lagoon. Thereafter overall accuracy and kappa computed for each land use. Finally results showed that fuzzy method more accurately produced land were used than maximum probability method. The result can be staded maps of land use fuzzy algorithm with overall accuracy 86،70 and kappa coefficient 0.79 to maximum likelihood in overall accuracy 81.20 and kappa coefficient is 0.71, higher accuracy.

Conventional farming prevails, especially after World War II due to the use of modern agricultural Institutions increase productivity of agricultural production. It rewards the true values of producers and their products. It draws and learns from organic farming. It works on farms and ranches large and small, harnessing new technologies and renewing the best practices of the past. The purpose of this paper is measurement and prioritization of influencing factors on sustainable agricultural development from point of view Jihad experts of Ardabil Province. The statistical population of this survey consists of Jihad Expertsof Ardabil Province. For data collection, it was used the documents, library and internet as the material to investigate the literature background, while utilizing the questionnaire to gather necessary field data, which was formulated, as proposed in different resources, based on the research assumptions and questions. Further, validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts and scholars the field of sustainable agriculture and agriculture development. Then, 30 questionnaires were completed in the Ardabil Province to determine its reliability through the test, and the Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated for the total questionnaire equal 0.78 = α using SPSS software package. The study sample consisted of all experts in Ardabil Province, of which 160 were selected by multistage random sampling.  For data analysis, SPSS software was used. The research results showed that barriers of educational, environmental, economical and psychological settled in Ardabil province, respectively.

The invasion of non-native species is the biggest threat to biodiversity in the world, which plays a major role in global change. In the present study have been reported some adverse effects of non-native specie on the the sensitive and fragile ecosystem and the current methods have been mentioned the assessing risks of these effects on the environment. For this purpose, a wealth of valuable content has been gathered through a number of online and library searches. Firstly, an overview of the environmental risk assessment approach for the invasive species has been presented to an aquatic ecosystem. Then, the most important undesirable effects can accommodate the common invasive species of Water hyacinth in aquatic ecosystem, as well as the process of assessing the environmental risk to this particular species in a simple and scientific language. Studies have shown that a series of social, economic and health factors, along with ecological parameters, can be effective in identifying species and environmental impacts on sensitive, native and sensitive habitats.

Lead pollution due to toxic effects is one of the biggest problems of natural resources and environment. The current research have been done in winter 2012 till summer 2012, in order to measure the rate of pollution in the heavy metal, lead, in the water and the tissues of Lenkoran (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) fish (liver, gills and muscles) in Palangrood river, located in Abatar city of Somesara, Gilan province.
Water and fish samples have been collected from three specific stations. Water sampler and net vetch were used respectively for taking samples from water of the river and catching fish. After carrying out tests on the samples, we analyzed them statistically by excel software; also regression test was used for the study of cohesion.
The density of lead in gills, liver and muscles are respectively 50.7 mg/kg, 34.2 mg/kg and 24.3 mg/kg; according to data, lead density is higher than WHO, FAO, USFDA and NHMRC standards.
The results are showed that rates of the measured element in the samples higher than limitations of discussed standards and the region is densely polluted with the lead heavy metal.

The purpose of this study was analyzing citizen's awareness of environmental challenges and strategies for institutionalization of environmental correct behaviors in Zanjan city.The population of this descriptive – correlation studyconsists of experts who work in the Departments of Environment and Natural Resources in Zanjan (N= 130). The volume of sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula (n=60). Samples were selected using stratified random sampling method. The questionnaire used for collecting data. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by the comments of academic members. The reliability was determined by pilot test and calculating Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.78-0.81). Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20 software. The descriptive results of the study showed that the most citizens' awareness of environmental challenges are: Air pollution, pollution from the use of old cars and containers cannot be recycled. Lowest citizens' awareness of environmental challenges are: The importance of protecting the ozone layer, the reduction of groundwater and soil erosion and its influence. Also the overall awareness of citizens in the near-low and 51.7 percent of respondents stated that citizens' awareness of the environmental challenges is too weak. Using exploratory factor analysis strategies for institutionalization of environmental true behaviors were summarized into seven factors including: education in all of parts of society, organizational development and improvement of policy, empowering employees the relevant organizations, motivation, new strategies, culture and contributions related institutions. These factors explained 74.14% of strategies for institutionalization of environmental correct behavior.

Nowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wild life will be Surveyed.landscape genetics new field of study is combinted of landscape ecology, population genetics and Spatial statistics. Landscape genetic is widely used in conservation biology. Landscape Genetics can also be used to assess the effectiveness of landscape conservation projects that are currently used. For example, the effect of structures in rivers on fish populations can be estimated and the differences in the methods of their connection are evaluated. On the other hand, landscae genetics can be used to plan a new conservation and management project. Different study methods exist in the land scape genetic species, which the land suitable for for the selection of suitable landforms for species. can be selected Including the various software and statistical methods, molecular markers and genetic methods for species used the landscape. therefore, the landscape genetics can be used as a suitable method for designing and controlling conservation and management measures for amphibians, reptiles, insects, birds capable of flying, plants and freshwater fish.

International environmental law always has tried to solve environmental problems by codification of binding and non-binding rules and regulations and provide solutions in this area. One of the important responses of international environmental law has been promoting sustainable development. As regards of improving the quality of environment and economical development are naturally consistent and coordinated goals. Sustainable development has decreased some paradoxical tensions related to economic growth limitations in 1970s. Sustainable development in the process of progress and through the interaction between three dimensions of economic, social and environmental development, has made its way from the international development law to the international sustainable development law. Declarations of Stockholm (1972), Rio (1992) and Johannesburg (2002), have emphasized on environmental protection and have mentioned that achieving sustainable development is the basic key to solving environmental issues. Rio + 20 summit also has the ability to cope with a collection of policies, methods and plans which support the transition to a green economy. This article reviews     the international legal approaches in order to be a backbone for environmental protection. It also reviews the proper approach to deal with such issue. By comparing the above summits, we could undoubtedly say that the Rio Summit (1992) compared with others especially Rio +20, in terms of the effectiveness of international legal approaches in environmental protection and acceptance of international commitments, has more specific and involved better outcomes.

In recent years, the environment and arising challenges have attracted the attention ofvarious sciences.Number of sociology/psychological research in this field demonstrates this scholar’s attention to the environment. However, environmental sociology as a branch of sociology discipline was established too late. Some sought the reason in the leading Social Scientists pioneer’s thoughts and accordingly condemned them. One of these social scientists known responsible for the lack of attention to environment is Durkheim, the French leading sociologist. In this study, we tried to examine the concept of environment in the Durkheim thoughts and answer to the question that how his thoughts resulted in the late entering of environment to the sociology. The results of this study suggest that the notion of social realities and anti-reductionist view of Durkheim mind are influential important factors ignoring the effects of environmental variables on society. In addition, according to the result of this study, even though, the impact of Durkheim's view on mainstream of sociology has been relatively wide, but the inclusiveness of these thoughts was to doubt and Durkheim boundaries with environmental variables, after him have been gone in many cases.