سیاستنامه مفید
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 3، پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Religious jurisprudence is superior knowledge of Islamic civilization and political jurisprudence resulted from jurisprudential reflections is considered as one of its branches. In the paper, effort has been made for link to be created between propositions and theories of Shiite political jurisprudence and time and power so that their relationship would be found. In this respect, Shiite clergymen are considered as an institution in historical confrontation with time and power structure, in the light of which the relationship between scholars and politics has been shaped, and thoughts have been presented proportionate to this time and political form. Time domain under study in the paper includes beginning of Ghaybat al-Kubra or Major Occultation till Islamic Revolution so that varieties and relationship of theories and power would become more apparent. This attitude is resulted in connection of religious jurisprudence and history that could reveal new aspects of political jurisprudence as knowledge.

Contemporary intellectual environment of Iran has provided the opportunity for different and even contradictory thoughts and discourses about politics and government to take place in the shadow of modernism and Islamism contrast. Beheshti was one of intellectuals representing centrism in religious intellectualism under such condition. In the light of a dynamic practice of religious jurisprudence and a rational understanding of religion, he tried to provide a pattern of Islamic political system so that such values as democracy and freedom would be guaranteed, despite boundaries existing between it and Marxism and liberalism. In the paper, effort has been made to provide a critical understanding regarding his thoughts about politics and government, with consideration of intellectual and scientific backgrounds.

The research has been performed to the aim of providing perspective of Allamah Tabatabai about political governance. To do so, analytical and interpretative methods have been used in the paper as for the perspective of Alammah Tabatabai to be analyzed. The paper claims that from Allamah Tabatabai’s point of view, political governance is owned by society and takes its legitimacy from it; and, political liability is all about social liability, social contract and society’s credit. What is resulted from the paper indicates that Allammah Tabatabai’s perspective about political governance, social contract, and political liability and legitimacy is different from those theories existing, in this respect. His perspective is of theoretical independence and special philosophical analysis; and, it provides new perspectives in response to political philosophy’s questions a head of Islamic and human societies. Allamah Tabatabai’s point of view about political governance in terms of relations between individuals and society, and government and political order is of considerable outcomes; and, it is useful in terms of political theory and practice in human and Islamic societies.

Occurrence of Islamic Revolution of Iran with a new nature caused overthrown of a 2500 years old government; and, it had significant effect on liberation movements of all around the world, especially in Islamic countries. Therefore, political and social sciences theorists have paid attention to it. In the paper, effort has been made to reflect on its effect on current theories and birth of new theories about Islamic Revolution. So, the research question is that “What effects have been imposed on Theories of Revolution by Islamic Revolution of Iran and what theories have been formulated based on it?” The authors have tried to analyze Islamic Revolution that has been emerged from inside of Shiite School of Thought with a new perspective; a revolution that made Theories of Revolution incapable of analyzing themselves, through its internal foundations; and, because of a repeated intellectualism to understand this new revolution in the modern world, post Islamic Revolution theories such as Theories of Revolution in developing countries of the world, post-modernism theory, theories of mysticism, and theory of religious leadership have been emerged. The paper has been prepared to the aim of comparing theory of religious leadership and some of the other similar theories, as well as effect of Islamic Revolution of Iran as a big event on building theory in this respect. It seems that the theory is of higher explanation power, compared to other theories. The research has been performed as an analytical-documentary research.

Election from among modern concepts has been a head of Moslem scholars, since Constitutional Revolution. No joint theoretical consensus has been shaped about its status and validity in religious thought; and, there are many ambiguities in interpreting peculiarities of election. This has been always considered as an intellectual problem and many thoughts have been formed about it, after Islamic Revolution of Iran. Lack of theoretical discussions and fundamental agreement in precise explanation of its status has resulted in occurrence of expanded scientific challenges. In the research, effort has been made to answer the following questions through analytical-descriptive method 1) Is election of authority and validity in governing political life, based on Shiite scholars’ thoughts; or merely it is a religious obligation for Moslems and some kind of their saber rattling against foreign enemies? 2) What solutions could be proposed to solve this theoretical problem? From religious intellectualism perspective, election is possible; however, traditional religious thought does not consider election alone as valid and authoritative in political life order.

There are various views about the relationship between religion and politics. If these various views would be considered to be on one single spectrum, on one side there would be the theory of “separation of religion and politics; and, on the opposite side, the theory would be “religion is the same as politics; and, politics is the same as religion”. The relationship between religion and politics has been considered as an important point by Moslem intellectuals within the past two centuries. In the paper, effort has been made to comparatively study the relationship between religion and politics, from perspectives of Seyyed Mahmoud Taleghani and Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari. So, the paper is responsible to answer this main question that: “What are the common and different points between thoughts of Ayatollah Taleghani and Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari? The hypothesis tested and measured in response to this main question is that “Both of the intellectuals have common views in terms of referring to Ejtihad (practice of religious jurisprudence) resources and single inference method, as well as putting emphasis on legitimate freedom of humans. However, their difference is that, through combination of religion and politics and their relationship based on Shura (consultation) verse in Quran, Taleghani reaches to consultation system in all levels, as well as religion and politics based on maximum pattern. However, reaching to religion and politics based on minimum pattern, Mojtahed Shabestari separates religion from politics; and, he gives priority to common law-based politics and government.