مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (امرداد و شهریور 1397)

Quiet eye had been introduced as a period of extended gaze fixation in many targeting tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quiet eye training with self-control and constant-variable body organization on performance and learning badminton low backhand service in the student novice girls. In this quasi-experimental study, 19 girl students of physical education in University of Tehran, Iran, were selected using convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of self-control (n = 9) and constant-variable (n = 10). The task intention was badminton backhand low service. In order to measure the accuracy of backhand low service, we used French short serve standard five test, and to record the visual data, Ergonear Eye Tracking test was used. The day after the pretest, participants took part in 3 sections of acquisition (8 blocks with 15 trails, a total of 360 trails), and 48 hours after the acquisition test, the test of retention and transfer was executed. The data were analyzed using Mixed ANOVA test of 2 × 4 at performance and 2 × 3 during the period of the quiet eye at a significance level of P ≥ 0.050. Quiet eye duration showed a significant increase in both groups from pretest to retention (P ≥ 0.001). Therefore, it can be noted that both methods of practice had a positive effect on the quiet eye duration. However, in the accuracy performance, there was no significant different between the groups (P = 0.374) and within the groups (P = 0.890). It seems that the organization of constant-variable and self-control exercises has similar effects on the accuracy and quiet eye duration.

Transfer of learning is one of the most important instructional and rehabilitating techniques used widely in the treatment of some diseases around the world. The present study aimed to examine the effect of sequencing two types of practice, i.e. imagery and physical, on the immediate and delayed bilateral transfer of a throwing task by women with hemiplegia. This study was carried out with 30 women with hemiplegia (mild disease) and with an age range of 12 to 18 years. In this project, the participants practiced the intended task with both their healthy and damaged limbs, following two possible sequences of imagery or physical practice coming first. The effect of these practice protocols on the performance of the damaged limb was studied. In order to analyze the data, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc, and independent samples t tests were utilized. All significance levels were set at less than 0.05. The results of the immediate bilateral transfer test did not show any significant difference between the two groups with two different practice sequences (imagery or physical first) (P = 0.490). However, in the short-term and long-term delayed bilateral tests, the group with the precedence of physical practice had a significantly better performance than the group with the imagery practice precedence (P = 0.036 and P = 0.001, respectively). Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that patients with hemiplegia, due to their movement limitations, may benefit from a bilateral transfer technique to increase aspects of their mobility. In addition, in order to develop leaning, and increase the efficacy of the practices, the use of combined practices (physical and imagery) with the precedence of physical practice is suggested for these patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous play in nature on the fine motor skills and visual-motor integration of preschool children. In this semi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design, two groups were selected using convenient sampling method. Statistical sample of research consisted of 30 preschool children aged 4.5-6.5 years (15 from the Nature School and 15 from kindergarten). The fine motor skills and visual-motor integration were assessed using Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test, respectively. MANOVA test showed that outdoor space activity had positive and significant effect on all of the variables of fine motor skills (P = 0.001) and visual-motor integration (P = 0.001) of children. While indoor space activity had a significant effect on visual-motor integrity (P = 0.013) and among the variables of fine motor skill, only on visual-motor control (P = 0.048). Outdoor and indoor spaces activity caused 71% and 13% changes in visual-motor control and 88% and 20% changes in visual-motor integrity in children, respectively. The type of environment which children play, have significant effect on their development. The natural environment is rich from stimulants, which has a remarkable effect on children’s development. Therefore, it is suggested that children have more activity in natural environment during their childhood to improve their motor and perceptual development.

The sense of force is one of the three main components of proprioception, associated with the realization of the force within the muscles during contraction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the static force sense of the knee flexor muscles after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in comparison to healthy person's knee. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 32 non-athletic men aged 19-40 years who were assigned into two groups of 16 participants purposefully, ACL reconstruction and healthy. Using a Biodex machine 3.0, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of hamstring muscles was measured in 30°, 60°, and 90° angles in a random order. Then, 20% and 60% of maximum muscle contraction were calculated for each subject. The participants were requested to produce 20% and 60% contraction force randomly in aforementioned angles with and without visual feedback. This way the difference between subject’ performance with and without visual feedback was calculated. The average of static force sense and the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were compared between the groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Using the Kendall's tau-b Correlation Coefficient, the correlation between MIVC and mean error of static force sense was determined. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the term of average error of knee flexor static force sense in 30°, 60°, and 90° angles with target forces of 20% and 60% (P < 0.05). Moreover, the average error of flexor static force sense in 30°, 60°, and 90° angles and the maximum voluntary isometric contraction of knee flexor were not significantly correlated in either group (r ≤ 0.82, P > 0.05). It seems that the static force sense of knee flexor muscles of the knee will be similar to healthy subjects, 6 months after ACL reconstruction surgery.

Wrestling is a collision and traumatic sport with the highest incidence and severity of injury in the tournament. Therefore, recognizing the likely causes of injury is important. In this prospective study, we investigated the prevalence rate and likely causes of injuries in amateur Greco-Roman wrestlers in the tournament. In a Student Olympiad tournament, all matches among 102 Greco-Roman wrestlers were observed, and all injuries were recorded. The researcher himself closely observed all matches, and registered all injuries by the side of wrestling mat. Exact position, type, and severity of every injury were recorded after the confirmation of the medical supervisors of the event. Data on “Preparation Process” before the tournament were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Questionnaires were filled out through face-to-face interview. Injured and non-injured wrestlers were compared using independent Student’s t at the significant level of less than 0.050. The rate of acute and subacute injuries was 2 and 27 percent, respectively. The injury rate of upper extremities, trunk and spinal column, head and face, and lower extremities was 49, 21, 18, and 12 percent, respectively. Sprain (39%) had the highest rate of occurrence. Compared to non-injured, injured wrestlers had less regular practice (P = 0.001), physical fitness (P = 0.031), and sleep (P < 0.001). We recommend amateur Greco-Roman wrestlers to have better sleep and more regular training, and to improve their physical fitness. We also suggest them to have correct standing and sitting core positions, to modify their defending guard, and to use finger tapes to prevent being injured.

Stroke is the most important cause of disability in adult people. Spasticity is a common motor disorder that develops secondary to upper motor neuron lesions such as stroke. Spasticity can cause changes in skeletal muscle, and affects both the neural and mechanical properties of skeletal muscles. The aim of this study was to compare neural and mechanical properties of spastic muscle between two groups of patients with stroke based on the duration of disease. In this study, 45 patients with stroke were divided into two groups of less and more than twelve months of stroke onset. Clinical assessment including muscle tone, achilles deep tendon reflex, and range of motion of ankle joint were measured using Modified Ashworth Scale, hammer, and goniometer, respectively. Neural properties, including H-reflex latency and Hmax/Mmax ratio, were acquired with electromyography (EMG) machine, and mechanical properties, including fascicle length, pennation angle, and muscle thickness in the spastic medial gastrocnemius muscle, were evaluated using ultrasonography instrument. To compare between two groups, we used t-test. Except for the duration of the disease (P < 0.001), there were not any significant differences in others parameters between the two groups. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in neural and mechanical parameters between the patients with stroke before and after 12 months of onset.

Participating in sports programs increases physical and mental health and fitness. The purpose of this study was to assess the physical fitness of persons with intellectual disability (ID) who participated in Special Olympics Iran, and comparing with their counterparts who did not participate in the these matches. The research sample included 138 boys with ID in two groups, athletes (70 boys with ID with and without Down’s syndrome) and non-athletes (68 boys with ID with and without Down’s syndrome), aged 18 to 30 years. To assess physical fitness, a set of Eurofit special tests, including explosive leg strength (standing broad jump test), arm strength (pushing a 2 kg ball test), abdominal muscle endurance (sit-up test), speed (20 meter run test), flexibility (sit and reach test), and balance (walk on a bench test) were used. To compare two groups, independent t test for variables of explosive leg strength, abdominal muscle endurance, and speed, and also Mann-Whitney U statistical method for variables of arm strength, flexibility, balance, and body mass index (BMI) were used at a significant level of P < 0.050. There were significant differences in variables of flexibility (P = 0.035), abdominal muscle endurance (P = 0.034), explosive leg strength (P = 0.025), and speed (P = 0.009) between athlete and non-athlete boys with ID with and without Down’s syndrome. Moreover, there were significant differences in BMI (P = 0.041) and speed (P = 0.001) between athlete and non-athlete boys with ID without Down’s syndrome, and also in flexibility (P = 0.030), abdominal muscle endurance (P = 0.001), explosive leg strength (P = 0.001), and speed (P = 0.002) between athlete and non-athlete boys with Down’s syndrome. According to the results, the participants in Special Olympics Iran had a better level of physical fitness than those without this experience. Therefore, Special Olympics programs are recommended as an effective factor in improving the physical fitness of boys with ID.

Rehabilitation is one of the most important components of health, and includes a set of services to empower people with disability. The first step in providing a secure framework for professional ethics, is identifying the needs and rights of persons with disabilities based on the evidence and scientific documentation, and also the use of experiences from developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the available evidence of professional ethics through a narrative systematic review study designed to provide the basis for professional ethics in Iranian rehabilitation services. This was a narrative systematic evidence-based review study. All Persian and English articles published in the past 10 years with the main focus of ethical issues related to the provision of rehabilitation services in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and orthotics and prosthetics were considered. A structured search of the peer-reviewed literature catalogued in major electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) was conducted using the following words and their derivatives (Rehabilitation, Human right, Patient right, Professionalism, Justice, Autonomy, Responsibility, Ethics, Bioethics). The initial search by two reviewers yielded 1260 papers. Following review of title and abstract, 98 articles were considered relevant. 67 articles had full text. Full text review reduced this number to 24. To categorize the articles, four principles of biomedical ethics in principlism method. A set of professional responsibilities for the rehabilitation services were categorized in four principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, and also 10 titles outlined in the charter of physicians.