فصلنامه دامپزشکی ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 63 (تابستان 1398)

Hemorrhagic shock remains one of the leading causes of death following multiple organ ischemic injuries in dogs. The aim of this study was to compare tissue perfusion and electrocardiographic parameters in experimentally induced acute hemorrhagic shock in dogs before and after resuscitation with the lactated ringer and hydroxyethyl starch 6% solutions. The parameters of tissue perfusion included the gingival mucosal color, CRT, peripheral pulse quality, appendage temperature, serum lactate concentration, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and urine output plus ECG were evaluated in ten male adult healthy mongrel dogs which instrumented, and anesthetized (control measurement). Hemorrhage was performed with removal of up to 60% of blood volume to keep MAP between 40 and 50 mm Hg (second set of measurements). After a 30- minute stabilization period in hemorrhagic shock condition, the third set of measurements was performed. The dogs were randomly assigned to two study groups which received lactated ringer or hydroxyethyl starch solutions, 20 or 5 ml/kg respectively in four consecutive 15 –min periods (fourth to seventh measurements). One hour after the last resuscitation stage, the dogs were monitored and at the end of this time, an eighth evaluation step was carried out. Time induced a significant effect on heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, appendage temperature, urine output, serum lactate concentration, R wave amplitude and Q-T interval. While solution type had a significant effect on serum lactate concentration, urine output and P wave amplitude. The results of this study showed that each of lactated ringer and hydroxyethyl starch solutions, has no significant effect in the short term on tissue perfusion and electrocardiogram parameters in hemorrhagic shock resuscitated dogs.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of albizia (siris) and leocaena (subabul) plants on digestibility, microbial fermentation of rumen and blood metabolites in one-humped camel. In the first stage, the best desirable diet among the control diets containing alfalfa and bagasse, diet containing siris leaves and bagasse, siris pod and bagasse, subabul leaves and bagasse and subabul pod and bagasse instead of alfalfa, were selected by in vitro methods. The results of this stage showed that the best fermentation, gas production and digestibility was for a diet containing the siris leaf and bagasse. In the second stage, the best desirable diet (containing 60:40 bagasse and siris leaf) and control diet were used in feeding 4 one-humped camels (with 5 years ‘age and average weight 300±25 kg) for 1 month (two camels per each diet). Feed intake, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation parameters, rumination behavior and blood metabolites of animals were measured. The obtained data were used to analysis as a completely randomized design. The results showed that dry matter intake, organic matter and the amount of protein intake by camels in control and experimental diets had no significant difference. Dry matter digestibility and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in control diets and siris leaves had no significant difference, but digestibility of crude protein of experimental diet were significantly higher than the control diet. Feeding of siris to camels during the experiment had no significant effect on blood glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol and triglyceride. According to results, time to eat, rest, rumination and chewing and each one for nutrients were not affected by the experimental diets. Ammonia nitrogen in the control diet was more than a diet containing siris and pH in the diet containing siris leaves was more than the control diet.  The result of these experiments showed due to the positive effect of a diet containing siris leaves on digestibility and fermentation, maybe siris leaves can be used as a replacement with 100% alfalfa in one-humped camel's diet.

Microorganisms especially wild or added lactic acid bacteria as starter or adjunct culture have a significant effect on different stages of cheese production. The aim of this study was to evaluate technological properties of 3 strains of E. faecium (SC5, SF5, SA12) and 3 strains of E. durans (SA25, SE16, SD18) isolated from Siahmazgi cheese in order to select suitable microorganisms regarding technological properties to be used as starter or adjunct culture in the production of fermented dairy products. The strains were evaluated regarding acidifying activity, proteolysis and lipolysis ability and also other biochemical properties. Then the growth curve of the strains were drawn at different environmental conditions. There was a significant difference in relation to acid production, proteolysis and lipolysis ability between Enterococcus strains. The strongest strain in relation to pH reduction was SC5. SC5 and SE16 strains were the strongest strains in relation to proteolysis (4.35 mg Tyr/5 ml milk) and lipolysis (10.37 U/min), respectively. The results showed that growth at salt concentrations (%2 and %4) and also pH=9.6 induced log phase to be started at hour 4, but growth at pH=5 and %6.5 salt concentration induced log phase to be started with delay (hour 8). The results showed that Enterococcus strains isolated from Siahmazgi cheese cannot be used as starter culture because of weakness in pH reduction, but due to proteolysis and lipolysis activity, inability to produce gas from glucose, diacetyl production, and resistance to diverse environmental conditions (SE16 strain) can be used as adjunct culture.

The use of unusual feed resources in each region will be beneficial to economical livestock production to meet the needs of the human community, and to reduce the food competition between farm animals and human. The present experiment was conducted to investigate the possibility of using the oak kernel and its effect as a source of starch and tannin (as an anti-nutritional factor), alternatively with grain portion in the diet of fattening kids. Thirty-six male Turkish kids with an average weight of 15±2 kg were used in this experiment. Experimental treatments consisted of diets containing 21 and 42% oak kernel and control diet. The kids were fed with experimental diets for 90 days. Feed intake, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, such as volatile fatty acids and rumen protozoal population, blood parameters and chewing activity of kids were measured. The results were shown that the use of oak kernel had no effect on dry matter intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ADF and NDF in whole of experimental period. The daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not affected by diets. The concentration of blood glucose, urea, cholesterol and triglyceride, and rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids concentration, acetate to propionate ratio and rumen protozoan population were not affected by experimental treatments. The eating and chewing times (minutes per day) increased for diets containing oat kernel. Therefore, not only feeding oak kernel had no adverse effect on the parameters evaluated in this experiment, but also, in some cases caused numerical improvement of the results. In conclusion, considering to lower total cost of the rations containing oak kernel, this material can be used as part of the diet of fattening goat kids.

Gyrodactylus, a member of Platyhelminthes, is one of the most common external parasites on freshwater and marine fish. This parasite mostly appears on skin and fins but rarely on gills of fish. Gyrodactylus can cause disease and mortality in wild and domestic populations of fish. In this study Gyrodactylus specimens removed by wet mounts of skin and fins of Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in Guilan Province fish ponds and analyzed by a light microscope. The morphometrical identification of Gyrodactylus specimens was performed using the measurements and drawing of opisthaptoral hard parts like as anchor, marginal hook, ventral bar and dorsal bar. The molecular species description was based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a partial sequence of the 5.8S region of ribosomal RNA, and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal RNA. The nucleotide sequences of the PCR products were compared with other sequences registered in GenBank. Based on the morphometric analysis and sequencing, the Gyrodactylus specimens were identified as Gyrodactylus sprostonae. The abundance of this parasite in investigated fish ponds of Guilan Province were 21.42, 6.17, 21.95 and zero for C. carpio, H. molitrix, H. nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idella respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties of catechin on lipid peroxidation and vital parameters of Holstein bull sperm after the freeze-thawing process. In this experimental study, semen samples were collected from four mature Holstein bull, twice a week using an artificial vagina. Ejaculates were pooled in order to eliminate the individual effects of bull. Semen samples were divided into four equal groups (8 reps). Zero (control), 20, 30 and 40 mg/ml of catechin with diluents based on egg yolk-citrate were added to the semen samples. Following cooling and equilibration stage of semen samples, the samples were stored in a nitrogen tank for a period of 30 days. After thawing procedure, the level of malondialdehyde in sperm samples were measured using the ELISA method. Also, membrane integrity, motility and viability of sperm were also examined. Results showed, membrane integrity, motility and viability of sperm samples treated with a concentration of 20, 30 and 40 mg/ml catechin in dose-dependent manner significantly increased and level of malondialdehyde dose-dependent manner significantly decreased, compared to the control groups. Therefore, the use of catechin in bull semen diluent can improve sperm vital parameters and decreases lipid peroxidation of sperm after the freeze-thawing process.

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious virus that causes significant mortality up to 100% in carp varieties. Considering the annual and significant casualties in carp farms, especially in Khuzestan province farms, there is a possibility of viral disease in these farms.  The aim of this study was to detect the virus that causes KHVD in these farms. By referring to 14 farms with casualties during the years 2015-2016, fish were immediately slaughtered. Gill and kidney tissue samples were taken for one gram of sample and placed in 80% alcohol, and labeled for laboratory process, and transferred to the laboratory. Then by Nested PCR (Kit IQ2000) were studied. To study the pathology of gills, kidneys, liver, brain, heart and intestines samples were taken from four species of carp (common carp, grass carp, bighead carp and silver carp) and 10% formalin was used. The results of the PCR for 7 samples of the tested specimens in the provinces of Khuzestan and Gilan by creating bands 229 and / or 440 bp positive for KHV disease was diagnosed. In the pathological studies of gill tissue, epithelial hyperplasia of the secondary lamella enclosure with the infiltration of inflammatory cells, often single-nuclei (especially lymphocytes), was observed in most tissue sections. Also, in a number of examined sections, acute necrotic lesions of epithelium cells were observed. In the study of the kidney tissues, most sections of the normal structure were present and only in a small number of urinary tubules, especially proximal tubules, cellular swelling was observed in the epithelium. Intranuclear inclusion body was observed in a number of brain, heart and intestinal cells in the form of marginal chromatin. The results of this study indicate that some carp farm of Iran has been affected by KHV disease, which can be considered as one of the factors contributing to the occurrence of summer mortality syndrome in carp.

In recent years, a lot of mortalities have occurred because of the different parasitism infection. Identification of parasitic contamination in native fish also helps to prevent entree of contamination to farmed farms. Due to the importance of this problem and for the prevention of zoonotic diseases, investigation of fish parasites has great importance. The present study carried out to investigate the worms of Platycephalus indicus in the district of Persian Gulf (Ahvaz market). In this study, 100 pieces of Platycephalus indicus bought and transferred to the laboratory. After the separation of parasites from the different parts of fish, they transferred in 70% alcohol and then identified by identification keys. In this study, 90% of fish had different worm infestations. The most value of infestation regarding toDuosphincter zancli trematode. Identified nematodes in this study including Capillaria sp., Porrocaecum sp. and Hysterothylacium sp., that Hysterothylacium sp. had the greater frequency. Serrasentis sp. AcanthocephalandTrypanorhyncha sp. cestode were also observed in this fish.

The middle ear is an irregular cavity composed of three ossicles, malleus, incus, stape, which transmit sound waves to the inner ear and converted into mechanical energy. Due to the importance of the middle ear in voice transmissions this study was established. In this research, in order to investigate morphologically, the details of sus scrofa Atilla middle  ear ossicles, 5 matured male animals skulls were used. After anatomical examination of different parts of the temporal bone and removing the bones, the middle ear bones were exposed, in addition to examine the shape, dimensions and details of each bone were measured using an ocular micrometer. Finally, data were evaluated and analyzed using the Sigma Statt statistics software. In sus scrofa Atilla, temporal bone, similar to other animals, consisted of three parts: squamous, tympanic and petrous part. The length of the outer ear canal to the tympanic membrane is 37±0.14 mm. The tympanic membrane is circular in animal and the diameter of the tympanic membrane is about 12.5±0.21 mm. The tympanic membrane has also Beige color. In the boar, the number of middle ear ossicles was three, including Malleus, Incus and Stapes. Morphometric results showed that the Malleus ossicle had a head, neck, handle and three distinct process including anterior, muscular and lateral process. Incus ossicle  consists of a body, two long and short crura and has two articular surfaces. A short or posterior crura attaches to the posterior wall of the body and the long crura are connected to the stape ossicle. The Stape ossicle has a footplate and three anterior, posterior, and muscular process which anterior process is shorter than posterior. In the present study, the components of the middle ear in the boar was investigated. It was determined that the number of middle ear ossicles in the boar was similar to pigs, and the only difference was the size of the ossicles processes.

Radiography of contrast media is an imaging method which provides high-resolution images for Gastro-intestinal. It has a prominent role in the evaluation of gastro-intestinal transit time of contrast media in small animal and humans. The aim of the present survey was a radiographic evaluation of chlorperomazine and cisapride effects on gastro-intestinal transit time of contrast media in cats. This study was performed on eighteen clinically healthy adult native cats. For this purpose, the cats were divided into three groups. The control group was received only ketamine (20 mg/kg), before administration of contrast media. The chlorpromazine group was received a combination of chlorpromazine (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and ketamine and cisapride group was received cisapride (2.5 mg/cat BW, PO) and ketamine, before administration of contrast media. There were six cats (three males and three females) in each group and survey radiographs were taken at zero, 20, 40 and 60 minutes after administration of contrast media and followed each hour until arriving contrast media to the colon. It was shown that was not a significant difference in contrast media emptying time between control and chlorpromazine groups, but was noted a significant difference between cisapride with control and chlorpromazine groups. The averages of complete evacuation time of contrast media from stomach were 70, 43.3 and 30 minutes for the control, chlorpromazine and cisapride groups respectively. A significant difference was detected between the control and two other groups, but not between chlorpromazine and cisapride groups. Gastro-intestinal transit time of contrast media was not affected by gender. The results showed that there was a significant difference between different treatment groups in the start time of contrast media evacuation from the stomach, but the difference was not significant for complete evacuation time of contrast media from the digestive system.

The present study was to investigate the ecology of fish parasites Liza klunzingeri (Day, 1888) for a period of 9 months from may to jaunary 2013 in the coastal of bandarabbass was performed. During the study period, 51 fish samples were analyzed in the laboratory and then isolated parasites in 4% formalin and 70% ethanol and kept. Finally, parasites neoechinorhynchus zabensis (Acanthocephala) and (Trematoda) Haploporinae and parasite larvae Contracaecumsp (Nematoda) were isolated from the digestive tract. From the total samples, 46 samples were infected by one or more species of parasites (prevalence of 90%) and the mean frequency of moderate parasite for Liza klunzingeri equal to 22.72 and 25.19 against the parasite. Analysis of the data showed that the prevalence of parasites in different months is significant. The most common parasites parasite abundance n.zabensis in January and Haploporinae in October, respectively. The analysis of the results showed that season changes are major factors affecting the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal parasites.

Heat stress is accounting one of the most important factors of decreasing production and yield of poultry especially broiler chickens in hot areas. Using compounds having antioxidant properties were advised for reducing of the destructive effect of heat stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a source of phelanoeid compounds that has antioxidant property. Therefore, in this study, the effect of chicory on growth in chicken under heat stress was studied. For this, after preparation of hydroalcoholic extract, 270 chicks were divided into 6 groups in two distinct houses and chickens were reared until 22 days old in normal condition. From 22 to 42 days old, chickens in group 1, 2 and 3 (in house 1) were reared in normal condition and chickens in group 4, 5 and 6 (in house 2) were reared in 35 ˚C for 8 hours daily. Chickens in group 1 and 4 received vitamin C (100 mg/lit) and chickens in group 2 and 5 received chicory extract (100 mg/lit) from 22-42 days old. The chickens in group 3 and 6 reared as control. In the final of growing period, the cumulative weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined. The results showed although heat stress had a negative effect on growth indices but chicory extract as well as vitamin C (as standard control), can improve weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in chickens under heat stress.