مجله توسعه علوم انسانی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The duration of protection of the economic rights of the author of literary and artistic works is an important subject in this field. Some jurists and theorists have believed it to be perpetual, like the traditional law of property. This doctrine has, however, fallen into disuse. Today these rights are temporary in all countries, as well as in international conventions. In most countries, the term of protection, according to the Bern Convention, is during the life of the author and 50 years after his death. The duration of protection is 70 years in the countries of the European community and in many countries a longer or shorter duration is adopted. It should be noted that this duration is a common rule term; but there are exceptional cases where the duration becomes, for some reason, less than ordinary, counting the beginning of the duration of the date of creation or the publication or presentation of the work to the public, for example, in audio-visual works.
In Iranian law, prior to the 2010 Act, the term was 30 years. But in accordance with this Act amending article 12 of the 1969 Act, the common rule period is increased to 50 years; but the duration of exceptional cases remains unchanged, which is open to criticism.
The draft law on the protection of literary and artistic property and neighboring right has remedied, fortunately, to a large extent, this gap providing a period of 50 years for all cases, except for photographic works whose duration is 25 years old, which seems inconvenient.

Ethics of technology is one of the most original subsets of applied ethics. The study intends to examine the important issue of deploying humans to Mars which has been debated with scholars from various areas of ethics, sociology and psychology of the world, but unfortunately, has not been given academic attention in Iran. In fact, for some years now, the curious and greedy humanity has begun a project entitled “ Mars One mission: a one-way trip”. The mission, which is being carried out by the Mars One Company, aims to send a number of humans to Mars to form a human colony. The necessity of this research, regardless of the appearance of the post-modern human face, is to ridicule the main divine capital of man, the blessing of life plus, passing through all moral and human boundaries. Review and critique of this question is whether, basically, humans can lose their lives by using the “principle of consent”. This research is devoted to the translation of authentic Russian sources and criticizes it by Islamic sources with a view to comprehensively examine this issue and its main challenges. This research is based on the documentary-analytical method and library resources and the use of authoritative journals and sites. The results of this research examine and criticize the technical, psychological, legal and ethical challenges of the plan, as well as the ethical approach to the “principle of satisfaction”, which is the main citation of the owners of this project.

We can’t provide a general rule for the relative size of economic sectors that holds at anytime and anywhere. Since the economy is a complicated and dynamic organism, depending on where of the evolutionary development path the economy is, the relative sizes of agriculture, industry and services sectors could be different. If the economy of one country moves along the development path where technologies and scientific achievements have penetrated in business and the life of people, at first step, the relative size of agriculture and industry is high and the services sector is small. But after industrialization and productivity revolution and prevailing mass production method, the latter starts to expand and undertake more contribution to the growth, the employment, facilitating the promotion of agriculture and industry sectors and providing more welfare. So, along the development path of the economies, what does matter is logic and complementary interactions of sectors which improve the mechanism and dynamism of the whole economy to move faster towards growth and development targets, not the relative sizes of them. The Iranian economy is no exception to this rule, so before productivity revolution and industrial development, investment in agriculture and allocating the funds and resources to them must be the first allocation priority. But whenever the productivity acceleration and industrial development is occurred, such an environment is created that stimulates the services to expand from the both demand and supply sides, services that facilitate the growth of total product and welfare. In this paper we first analyze the relative situation of economic sectors and provide some statistical facts about them, their share of bank credits and sectoral investments. Then we take the ratio of investment in services and real estate to total investment as a proxy that limits the GDP growth and is a drag on it. So we specify the total production function in such a way that includes this proxy and finally we estimate it by VECM econometric method. Our results show that this proxy has significant negative effect on the total product. So it can be considered as a proxy of unproductive activities.

The first significant effort to present “sustainable development” in a global level was Brundtland Commission in 1987. Since that time, this subject has been the most cited definition in articles, books, and international gatherings. According to the UN Report called “Our Common Future”, sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. After presenting this theory, while some scholars have agreed with it, some others rejected the whole idea. The author, while accepting some of the critiques, believes that sustainable development theory is valuable and has important messages for the survival of human being and the whole planet. So, instead of disapproving the theory, the author tries to overcome the limitations of its conceptualization. The article suggests that sustainable development in order to be successful, needs a shift in its conceptual framework in an integrated and balanced manner. In the proposed model, there are three interconnected pillars: subject, space, and time. Subject includes six aspects: political, economic, social and cultural, technological, ecological, and spiritual development. Space refers to local, national, regional, and global arenas. Time describes the situation in the past, present and the scenarios for the future. The article ends with few suggestions in order to facilitate to best put the integrated and balanced approach into action.

The restriction of the author right with the aim of balancing the rights of authors and society forms an important and significant part of the system of intellectual property rights. Therefore, the necessity of limiting it to the benefit of public museums and libraries, which is a place for the manifestation of the identity and existence of a nation, is very essential and important. But this is basically linked to the ownership and private law, and it also complicates the management of the relationship between authors, museums and public libraries. Now the society needs to create limits beyond what is recognized as exceptions in various law, and in particular intellectual property exceptions. This need may even be in place, until the phase of copyright deprivation (whether in total or in a minor way). On the other hand, private owners of intellectual property rights claiming ownership and full control over their property, and the restrictions imposed by the will of the legislator and in favor of the public interest are difficult to accept. The current research is trying to answer this question: What are the exceptions to the right of the author in favor of these institutions and where will the scope of these exceptions be? Is there a new range of restrictions and exceptions for cultural heritage, given the necessity of public interest? And finally concludes the rights of the author must be limited in the necessary circumstances and in compliance with the moral rights of the author and in the absence of any commercial purposes in favor of museums and public libraries.

Policy instruments are executive methods through which policy goals were attained. Hence, the type and method of choosing a policy instrument for the success of public policy systems is of great importance and, therefore, it must be selected on the basis of accurate reviews to ensure that successful implementation of the policies is ensured. In the present paper, using the method of meta-theory, approaches (theoretical and practical), theories (policy process and policy instruments, elite theory and policy tools, policy making and change theory), and public policy instruments selection models (economic model, political model, and model of policy subsystems) have been analyzed. The findings of the research are presented in the form of the process of the implementation of the meta-theory in identifying paradigms, theoretical assumptions, the historical process and the theoretical evolution, content analysis and the evaluation of theoretical quality in relation to the logic of choice of public policy instruments.

The main purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of knowledge sharing and organizational culture on job satisfaction. So, the conceptual model of research is formed based on the extensive review of the literature and taking into account the knowledge sharing, organizational culture and job satisfaction as dependent variables and their dimensions. The method of this research in terms of purpose was practical and based on the structural equation modeling and carried out by survey method. The questionnaires of knowledge sharing, organizational culture and job satisfaction were the main tools of variables measuring. Statistical society of research were all employees of the administration’s technical and vocational training in Khuzestan province and subsidiary centers, which included 853 employees, and using simple random sampling method, 265 employees were selected as the research sample. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a survey of experts, the structural validity was confirmed by factor load values and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for questionnaires of organizational culture, knowledge sharing, and job satisfaction was 0.813 ,0.767, and 0.879, respectively). Data analysis done by using the structural equation modeling and research hypotheses were tested using Amos and SPSS softwares. Finally, findings of the research showed that there is a significant interactive effect between knowledge sharing and organizational culture; also, organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, and knowledge sharing has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction of human resources.

This article is adopted from a research whose aim was planning the paradigm of integrated management system of the country sustainable development. For this purpose, fifteen ministries and two public agencies more relevant to the country sustainable development, were selected. The main pillars of this system are planned and presented through analyzing missions and duties of these organizations by qualitative approach; indepth interviews with specialists, experts and executives; and theme analysis process. Researchers started their work with the assumption that the public agencies are playing roles as policymakers and planners of the improvement of the country in the development main strategies. It doesn’t mean that the role of the two other sections situated in the area of this research, have been ignored. Sustainable development requires balanced and sustainable growth in environmental, economic and socio-cultural sectors. So if we want to create the integrated management system of the sustainable development in the public sector, we should identify and fill legal and administrative gaps of every organization in the fulfillment of sustainable development goals as well as proving the area of effective harmony between public agencies which are in charge of this important task. Relations among organizations should be clear and equipped with efficient mechanisms so that the existing difficulties among the institutions can be resolved. On the basis of the results of this research, one can expect the fulfillment of sustainable development goals when there is coordination, and practical coherence among all public agencies and the dominant atmosphere of management is that of mutual understanding, partnership and consensus.