نشریه فرهنگ ایلام
پیاپی 60-61 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

The environment could be affected by suitable social activities. The attempt of this research is to identify the effective variables on sociability in housing.  The results of the research showed that the final set of variables grouped into 5 categories: physical, spiritual, contextual, activity and personal factors. Physical factors consisted of functional distance, functional centrality, flexibility and adaptability, functional propinquity. Spiritual factors were experience and place. Contextual factors consisted.of neighborhood, services and safety. Activity factors were life style, time and process. Personal factors consisted of privacy and interaction, age, gender, and education. Activity factors were the least important one. The physical factors of housing have a significant role in increasing sociability. Functional distance describes how likely people will come into contact with each other. Propinquity, the increased likelihood of developing a relationship with someone due to closeness in proximity, is influenced by not only physical distance but functional distance as well. The analysis of the results of the research proved the theory that environment affects the behavior. This would provide a wealth of data that could be used for future research.

The present study seeks to investigate the relationship between physical capital and social acceptance among students of Islamic Azad University, Ilam, in 1396. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the theory of "Gaffman", "Bourdieu", "Giddens" and the exchange school. The method of this research is a stratified random sampling method, and the sample size was chosen based on the Cochran formula (352 people). In this study, a researcher-made physical capital questionnaire and Marlow and Crown social acceptance standard questionnaire were used with Cronbach's alpha of 84% and 68% respectively. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson & Spearman's correlation coefficients, T-test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test. Inferential findings show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of fitness index, cosmetic surgery, and attitude toward fashion, field of study, marital status, educational level, social class, job status and social acceptance rate. But there is no meaningful relationship between body composition, diet, age and gender with social acceptance.

Participation is one of the pillars of development, especially sustainable development, and there are few local, national and international planning within which there is no social participation and social motivation. In this regard, the present study aims at investigating and studying the domains of student participation in community and social activities (high school students in Ilam). The statistical population of this research is 1524 and the sample consists of 256 boy and girl high school students and pre-university students and the son of the city of Ilam. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results show that social trust variables, age, social cohesion, power structure in the family (counseling axis), satisfaction rate have 23%, ability to explain changes in dependent variable of participation in group and social activities.

This research is aimed to consider the relationship between social trust and individual dispute among Ilam city’s youth. The population includes all youth of Ilam city (49908 boys and girls) among which according to Cochran's sample size formula, 382 people was selected as a statistical sample using random sampling method. The method type is survey and the technique of information collecting, in addition to the statistic and documented data, is using questionnaire with 81 % Coronbakh alpha. The results showed that social trust from the viewpoint of Ilam city’s youth is 3.46 indicating that the amount of social trust is higher than average range. In addition, in this research, the amount of dispute and contention in Ilam city’s youth in terms of education and gender (male and female) has showed significant difference. But no relation was obsereved between age, marital status, and type of urban residential area and dispute and contention. Therefore, the results of finding’s analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between social trust and individual dispute with the amount of  0.315 and significance of (0.003). In this sense, with the decrease/increase in the amount of social trust to institutions, the amount of individual  dispute and contention increases/decreases.

One of the crucial factors influencing employees’ self-efficacy is the leadership style of the organization. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of the original leadership features through organizational culture on the self-efficacy of staff at Ilam University. This research is a survey-based study and is considered as an extension of application. The statistical population is all employees of Ilam University, which according to the Cochran formula was selected as sample of 200 people. The data gathering tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the experts and the reliability of all variables was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For data analysis, structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis have been used. The results of the research hypothesis show that genuine leadership was influenced by employees' self-efficacy both directly and through organizational culture. Genuine leaders, through positive social exchanges with their employees, may make employees more interested and more passionate. The noble leaders raise their self-efficacy through self-awareness, being honest with employees, making decisions based on internal ethical standards, and being able to provide realistic analyses. In sum, it can be concluded that university administrators can use this leadership style to increase the efficiency of their employees in the organization.

Tourism is a part of economy of the country that is mostly related to the entrepreneurial activities. The present study aims at investigating the role of entrepreneurial activities in tourism development in Ilam City. The method of the current study is a descriptive-correlation design. The statistical population of the current study includes the managers and experts working in labor and social welfare organization, cultural heritage organization, handicrafts and tourism, governorate office, technical and vocational education center of province and the Association of Entrepreneurs of Ilam Province, of which 195 people were selected by stratified random method. The data collection measure is a questionnaire whose validity has been confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability is calculated to be 0.91 using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression in SPSS software. The results from testing the hypotheses of the study show that there is a relationship between the variables of innovativeness, risk-taking, autonomy, aggressive competition and tourism development in Ilam City. There is a multiple correlation coefficient of (MR=0/68) between predicting variables and tourism development in Ilam City. Therefore, there is a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial activities and the tourism development in Ilam City.

Nomadic society is an active population in Iran that has been taken into account by the policy makers and planners over the recent decades due to their crucial role in production of the raw materials and border protection. Nevertheless, in recent years, due to the increased various problems, the nomadic population has considerably decreased. Therefore, analysis of their social problems such as social capital is one of the most important measures that can be dealt with by researchers in order to find proper solutions for their problems. To this end, the present study aimed to investigate the status of social capital and its effective factors in nomadic population focusing on nomadic population of Chardavol Township in Ilam province, Iran. Due to the paucity of the accurate information on the number of nomadic households in Chardavol, 120 households were considered as statistical sample. SPSS software was used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that the average of the three main indicators of social capital (participation, trust and integrity) among the nomadic population of Chardavol was 3.74, 3.73 and 3.81, respectively regarding the confidence level of 99% which was higher than the baseline average (3) and higher than average. Results revealed that the average social capital was 3.76 which was higher than the baseline average at confidence level of 99%. The results of analysis of factors affecting the social capital of the nomadic population showed that there was a significant relationship between three variables such as access to essential facilities, access to services and distance to essential centers and social capital among the understudied variables, whose correlation coefficients were 0.287, 0.481 and -0.398 respectively.

Delaying the age of marriage and its obstacles are popular phenomena in the contemporary world in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Although the cause is common around the world, the specific causes can be asked and used for any prevailing culture and geographic area. In Iran, according to a specific cultural setting, the cause of this phenomenon is also different. This study is aimed to assess the sociological barriers to marriage among 374 students from Ilam University in 2016. Sampling was a stratified type and SPSS software has been used to test hypotheses and analyze data.
The findings of this study are as follows: in comparison with the mean scores achieved among the factors affecting the marriage barriers (economic, social, cultural, and institutional neglect factors) (1) cultural factor (3.16%), (2) economic factors (12.3%), (3) institutional neglect (2.74%) and (4) social factors (2.31%) have the highest to lowest mean scores in the sample, respectively.
By comparing the mean scores of various items for variable 1, cultural barriers of marriage, counting flaw in the orientation sessions before marriage (3.88%) and counting the flaw for marriage design by girls' family (2.39%); for variable 2, economic factors, the high cost of living (4.42%) and the gap between families (2.44%) are the highest and lowest scores, respectively. For variable 3, institutional neglect, lack of required loans to young couples (3.61%) and lack of support for simple marriages (2.08%) are the highest and lowest scores, respectively and for variable 4, social factors, barriers to marriage, determining heavy dowry (2.96%) and married after graduation (2.16%) are the highest and lowest scores, respectively.

The participatory development approach seeks to fill the gulf of public participation in the process of local development, and the participation of individuals in development is considered as an end in itself. Hence, considering that Ilam province, as one of the deprived areas of the country, needs real participation of people in development, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the social trust that affects the participation of people in the development of Ilam region. In this research, using quantitative method and descriptive-analytical type with the population of people older than15 years, a sample of 439 people, was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The validity of questionnaire was formal, and its reliability was based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (total) of 0/778. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean) and inferential statistics (linear regression). Accordingly, the highest average rates were: personal trust variables (3/0638), total trust (2/888), institutional trust (2/8517), generalized trust (2/7358) and the lowest one was related to the participation of people in the development of the Ilam region (2/2609). The results of the regression analysis of the research variables also show that the two variables of personal trust and institutional trust with a beta of 0/245 and 0/192 have the most effect on the dependent variable, i.e., the stage of public participation in the development of Ilam region, and their impact is significant but the impact of the variance of generalized trust is not so.

Performance improvement is one of the most important goals of any organization. The Six Sigma Quality Control System is a continuous quality improvement methodology that is performed by reducing the inherent changes of the process. 6 Sigma has been considered as the most effective technique for improving quality using process improvement techniques that have been used in the last five decades. Six Sigma will improve performance and increase customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six sigma quality control system on the performance of Cheshmeh Khosh Dehloran oil company. This research is applied in terms of the purpose and in terms of the method is a descriptive-correlative one. The statistical population of this study is the total number of 400 managers, supervisors and experts of Cheshmeh Khosh Dehloran Oil Company. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula, as 196 people. The data gathering tool in this research is a questionnaire. The questionnaires were used to assess the validity of the questionnaires and to assess their reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.832. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the collected data using Amus software. The results of this study showed that the Six Sigma Quality Control System has a significant effect on the performance of Cheshmeh Khosh Dehloran Oil Compan.