فصلنامه برنامه ریزی رفاه و توسعه اجتماعی
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1397)

The goal of this article is to recognize criteria of the happy city approach through adapting it with urban space dimensions and access a model for measuring happiness rate in urban spaces. The research method is qualitative-quantitative, and in literature review it is based on content analysis. According to the historical position of Chahar Bagh-e-Abbasi Street and considering this issue that the street is also a realm for representation of such events, it was selected as the case. Sample case size for doing questionnaire technique was 200 users. The results show that for creating a happy urban space, both objective and subjective dimensions must be considered. Among this, the objective criteria affected on increasing happiness in street include factors like: creating limitation in accessing vehicles, beauty, vitality, utility of green spaces and townscape, cleanliness, and in subjective dimensions the criteria are: pride feelings, security, memory, night security and friendliness.

Urban space is deemed as an area of a city and a public place that manifests urban activities influencing the personal and social needs of a community. It also affects the living conditions of individuals, including biological, social, economic, and political ones; that can provide people with welfare. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of public urban space on the dimensions of social wellbeing targeted citizens aged 18-70 years in Tehran. This research is classified as an applied study based on the purpose, as well as a holistic and cross-sectional study in terms of the scope and time, respectively. The field and survey research were carried out to obtain information which the date was collected using a questionnaire. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated 625 individuals which random and multistage cluster sampling method were employed. The descriptive findings indicate that the quality of the urban public space was evaluated at medium and high level on 47% and 51.7% of the citizens   ‘responses, respectively. 44.2% believed that they have access to welfare services at an average level and 53% stand at a high level. According to structural equation modeling results, the inferential findings show that dimensions of satisfaction (0.61), social security sense (0.52), providing basic needs (0.48), and feeling of relative deprivation (-33. 0) are influenced by the urban public space variable as an independent variable (at the confidence interval of 95%). The results support the hypothesis that urban public space has an impact on the dimensions of social welfare among the citizens of Tehran.

In social security, a positive view is seen versus of a negative view to establish security in the society, the negative view believes that security in the society is only from the government, a positive view believes that not only government but also communities and groups play a role. The creation of a society in a tourism destination requires the interaction of the tourist host communities with the government and the interaction of the important groups such as authority groups which are could shape the identity of the society beside of the supportive role of governments in the local community. Therefore, in this research based on positive discourse, finding the criteria of local social security indicates for tourism purposes of the Islamic Republic of Iran and extracted the reasons which are important for tourism industry. The present research is applied and has a descriptive-analytical approach. The documentary-library technique has been used for data collection. For data analysis, an expert opinion questionnaire has been used. In this research, after identifying the positive social security triple theories (social   security, social culture and social identity), the indicators related to these dimensions are extracted from the concepts and theories of sociology of tourism and social security, and in the three dimensions of locating. It turned out; therefore, after studying the documents, a list of relevant statements was identified, selected and analyzed. Finally, 8 components and 18 indicators from three dimensions of social security, social culture and social identity were counted. Extractive indicators can be a tool for measuring capabilities and formulating drivers for the future of social security for tourism purposes in Iran.

Iranian border cities in last decades had gone through many changes due to informal trade and the increase of tourists’ numbers .This has a significant effect on the sustainability of these cities. In Baneh, most of informal employment occurs only in a small area of the city. The centralization of activities which mostly offer goods in high quality and low price has caused millions of people to visit this city every year. In this research, the impacts of informal employment on social sustainability of Baneh and the area of centralization of these activities are studied. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical method and data are gathered by library studies, field observations, interviewing and using questionnaire. In statistical analysis, Mann Whitney and T-Test are used. The results indicate that social sustainability has a meaningful difference in the central area and marginal area (Sig=0.043), considering that the average for marginal area and central area is 3.226 and 2.691, respectively. The findings show that due to the centralization of informal employment, social unsustainability is more intense in the central area in comparison to the marginal area. Considering the results of the study, some solutions are offered to reduce the negative effects of informal trade in Baneh, and the area in which the activities are centralized. As the most important solutions, prevention of smuggling goods and investment in other city potentials, creating jobs, codification of laws to prevent building commercial complexes, and avoiding centralization of activities in Baneh downtown can be mentioned.

Today, metropolitan cities face many problems in the economic, social, environmental and physical fields such as reducing the livability and diminishing the importance of urban ecology in the urban housing structure. Therefore, the necessity and importance of paying attention to sustainable development theory and its resulting approaches, like the livability approach, will create a city away from the economic, social, environmental and physical problems. The purpose of this paper is to measure the variables affecting citizens' satisfaction from the status of the factors of the habitat of the metropolitan city of Shiraz, following a more scientific explanation and a more expert look on the factors of livability. Accordingly, in view of the study of theoretical literature on survival, a conceptual framework consisting of octagonal factors has been developed to study the formulation of research and analysis. This is an applied and descriptive-analytical method. The characteristics of gender, age, level of education and economic satisfaction as individual and independent characteristics have been identified in this regard, in order to determine their impact on the satisfaction of the condition of livability and its octagonal factors as dependent variables. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula and considering the maximum heterogeneity hypothesis for the 11 regions of the city of Shiraz, 384 people. In order to analyze the data, statistical methods such as frequency distribution, single sample T, Spearman, Fay and Kramer correlation coefficients were used. SPSS software was used for this purpose. Fuzzy multi-criteria methods were used to understand the livability position of the regions. The results showed that the satisfaction rate of citizens from the situation of livability is not favorable, and areas in zones one and two with a high and average satisfaction are the best places for survival. The reason for this is the livability of services and amenities in the areas of interest.

Urbanization in Iran has grown significantly in recent years, but it has not been far from negative problems and consequences; Part of these problems is due to the lack of attention to the cultural dimension of the city and urbanization in the planning system. Therefore, the present research is written to study the position of city cultural development in the policy making system of Islamic Republic of Iran. The method used to achieve the purpose of the research is the qualitative content analysis method in a deductive way; accordingly, the categories for study in the text, has been developed based on theories and after encoding agenda design (with the patterning of Myring's work), search and has been analyzed and criticized. Units of study is the 5th and 6th five-year plans of economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings of the research indicate that the fifth and sixth plans are inadequate to the city cultural development and its components (cultural citizen and cultural capital of the city). The fifth plan focuses more on the cultural capital of the city and the sixth plan focuses more on cultural citizen. Indicators of interest in the plans are considered in most cases indirect and one-dimensional. In general, based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that the neglected indicators of city cultural development in these plans include: education and protection of citizens' rights and responsibilities, need assessment and surveys in cultural fields from the citizens, the development of inter-city communication, the development of parks and green space, information in cultural fields and the use of cultural and artistic elements in the city space to be considered in future plans.

One of the features of the developing countries is severe concentration and imbalance. Therefore, in order to create balance and comprehensive development, it is necessary to study and research on less developed regions for the future planning. This article investigates effective factors on the underdevelopment of Kurdistan province. This research is applied in terms of type, and its method is an integration of content analysis and secondary one. In this research max QDA software was used for content analysis of interviews conducted with the experts of province and secondary analysis of statistics obtained from Iran Statistics Center. Also, underdevelopment causes was analyzed based on Parsons and Grab’s viewpoint and state-centered theory, effect of ideology and power structure on the cultural subsystem and effect of cultural subsystem on the social, political and economic subsystems. Results obtained from this research show that Kurdistan province is considered as one of the underdeveloped provinces in the country in terms of benefiting of different dimensions and indices of cultural, social, economic and political developments. Then, it is supported that the main assumption of this research is that culture is a very important variable in the access to the development. In addition, according to the theoretical perspectives, cultural development is a prerequisite of comprehensive development. According to the results of this study, one can improve indicators of life quality, increase economic investment and development of Kurdistan province emphasizing the role of state, power structure and ideology in support of the use of indigenous and ethnic capacities, the focus is on developing partnerships in all aspects. On this basis, cultural policies and planning are in line with the participation of their peoples. Institutions also avoid causing harmful processes, such as discrimination and concentration. Along with the support and use of ethnic and native capacities, policies and cultural planning along with promoting indicators of cultural development and using capacities of media and cultural industries.