مجله علوم پیراپزشکی و بهداشت نظامی
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 30، زمستان 1397)

Health care workers are exposed to vast number of occupational hazards. According to the importance of protecting these valuable workforces, it is necessary to assess various deleterious factors in their career to make right decisions in dealing with these situations.
Methods and Materials: In this study, first, all the hazards of different units of a treatment center were investigated. Then, one of the units that had the most hazardous of them was selected based on hazardous identification checklists. Finally, the most important hazard of previous step were ranked by analytical network Process.

The results of analytical network process indicated that the risk associated with personnel safety in formaldehyde exposure regions, had higher priority with considering a weight factor equal to 0.55 for all indexes. However, the exposure to anesthetist gases and job stress had the highest rank, considering financial and credit consequences separately.
Discussion and

Results confirmed that using analytical network process along with other methods of hazard identification will accelerate this process and achieve more trustable results. Moreover, it will facilitate the decision making process.

The self-repair process cannot occur in the skin lesions, therefore, skin replacements are used due to the formation of a scar, which resulted in the complete loss of skin. Artificial skin should have the same specifications as the natural skin. The finite element methods were used in this study to evaluate the biomechanichal properties of natural and artificial skins.
Due to the structure of artificial skins, we compared them based on the numerical solutions by finite elements software. The results of the artificial silicon and polyurethane skin properties were analyzed and compared with the natural skin.
The amount of stress in the natural skin texture was more than the silicone and polyurethane skins. Polyurethanes showed more similar behavior with natural skin in the stress production. The behavior of tissues and the numerical value results of the artificial tissues was similar with the natural skin texture regarding to strain evaluation.
Discussion and   Regarding the small differences in the artificial silicone and polyurethane skin tissues, both of them can be used as a substitute of natural skin.

Nowadays, the prevalence of drug resistance to synthetic drugs is increasing in many countries in the world; therefore, many efforts have been made to find new compounds as an appropriate alternative to antibiotics. This study was performed to investigate the antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of Carum copticum L. on some pathogenic bacteria.
Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-laboratory study, after collecting the plants and confirming its scientific name by botanists, methanolic extract of the plant was prepared by Soxhlet extractor method and different concentrations of extract were prepared. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) extracts were determined on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using well-diffusion and dilution methods.
The results showed that MIC and MBC of methanol extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were 12.5, 25 and 50 mg / ml, respectively.
Discussion and The results of this study show that Carum copticum L. plant can be considered in herbals groups with antibacterial properties. After evaluating their effects in vivo condition and identifying the active ingredients, it can be used as an alternative to synthetic drugs that commonly used to treat infections.

There are various methods to treat hemorrhoids. It is very important to examine which hemorrhoidectomy has fewer complications and also faster recovery and return of the patient to normal life. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of two methods, including Milligan-Morgan surgery and the hemorrhoid system in patients with hemorrhoids.
Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional study, sixteen patients were randomly chosen from all patients with hemorrhoids referring to the clinics of Bahonar and Afzalipour hospitals who needed surgical diagnosis of the surgical specialist. Patients were classified into two groups regardless of gender. Group A was operated by open or Milligan- Morgan and group B was performed by the hemorapy method. After surgery, patients’ information was recorded in a checklist and analyzed by SPSS (version 21) software. 37 patients (64%) were male and 23 (36%) were female. 19 patients (32%) had hemorrhoid Fourth degree, and 41 patients (68%) had hemorrhoid Third-degree. The mean pain of patients after 8 weeks of surgery between the two groups was 1.12±0.57 in the Milligan-Morgan group and 0.55±0.47 in the hemorapy group, respectively. This difference was statistically significant. (pvalue=0.042). However, there were no bleeding events, urinary retention, and incontinence, and in 2 patients treated with the Milligan-Morgan method, it was observed that there was no anal stenosis in patients with hemorapy.
Discussion and The results showed that the postoperative pain was less in the hemorapy method than in the Milligan-Morgan method. Furtheremore, complications such as bleeding, urinary retention and gas incontinency and anal stenosis were much less than the MilliganMorgan method. This method is used for hemorrhoidectomy.

Most of the hospital’s special revenues are created by contracting with insurance companies and providing services to insured persons. Large amounts of revenues from hospitals and medical education centers are deducted annually. Reducing hospital deductions is not only important due to manage of hospitals, but also it is necessary. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the amount of deductions for inpatient bills covered by Social Security Insurances in Amir al Momenin hospital in Zabol in the first quarter of 2018.
Methods and Materials: This descriptive and cross-sectional study has been performed in 2018. The sample of study was selected through census method. They included all inpatient medical records covered by Social Security Insurances in Amir al Momenin hospital in Zabol in first quarter of 2018. Data were collected through a checklist and they were analyzed by SPSS software version 23. The highest amount of deductions were for consumer goods and second cause of deductions were surgeon’s fees and anesthesiologist’s fees.The lowest amount of deductions were for cost of ultrasound and CT Scan.
Discussion and It is possible to reduce the amount of deductions in cases such as requiring physicians to comply with surgical and anesthetic codes, preparing and approving specific tariffs for medicines and medical supplies, monitoring individuals, training individuals to correctly enter patient records And insurance companies to reduce the amount of deductions by specifying insurance coverage.

Among wound infections of surgeries, those related to orthopedic surgeries are important and prevalent. The implantable instruments have been used in these surgeries that increase the risk of infection. The current study aimed to determine the incidence of wound infection in orthopedic surgeries and some of its effective factors in selected hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
Methods and Materials: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. Sampling technique has been performed among 110 patients underwent orthopedic surgery in 2016 and 2017. Data have been collected through direct observation, preparation of microbiological culture and checklist. The relationship between the incidence of infection and some of the patient’s demographic information, the name and type of surgery, the use or non-use of the drainage system and the type of drainage system have been investigated in the present study. Wound infection has been determined based on apparent features and microbial culture. Data were analyzed through SPSS software version 20.
18.2% of the participants were infected among 110 of them who were underwent orthopedic surgery. The highest rate of infection was related to foot surgery in various types of Tibia and Fibula fractures. All the infections are reported in men. The incidence of infection was higher among people whose ages were under 35 years. Moreover, emergency procedures had a higher risk of infection. In the present study, there was no significant relationship between the uses of various types of drainage systems with the development of surgical wound infections.
Discussion and Reducing the incidence of orthopedic infection can be achieved by paying more attention to fractures that occur in the legs and open bones. Furthermore, according to the results of our study, the use of surgical drainage is not effective on reducing the infection rate. It is recommended that orthopedic surgeries team should follow health protocols to control and reduce infections.

Natural disasters have always caused mortality and morbidity in humans; however, the scale and scope of these events has increased dramatically in recent times. Natural disasters have a significant impact on the community health and livelihood of the people everywhere in the world. Natural disasters are the greatest health and social concerns that reducing their vulnerability is a public health priority. The present article aimed to study the impact of natural disasters on public health and the understanding of disaster health consequences by focusing on the Kermanshah earthquake.
Methods and Materials: This review article was conducted based on scientific Persian and English languages including SID, Magiran, Google Scholar and Web of Sciences and Library Studies in 2005-2018.
Natural disasters have a negative impact on the public health system and its maintenance infrastructure (water, sanitation, shelter, food and health), which has a direct and indirect health impact on the affected population. Typically, in the natural disasters, the health and well-being of the community are very inappropriate due to the violence and insecurity, population displacement and the collapse of the health care system and supply chain. The main needs for disasters include water, food, sanitation and shelter. Although the community health system may be directly affected by the consequences of disaster, it is expected to respond to a sudden increase in disaster-related demand.
Discussion and The essential aspects of public health management in emergency situations include the provision of health services, the provision of safe and sanitary water, the proper disposal of sewage and human stool, the control of vectors and consumers, food safety and the estimation of the risk of epidemics after disasters, coping with radiation incidents and Chemical and other environmental hazards.

Spinal Cord Injuries (SCIs) are the main factor in the sensory disorders, which are caused by spinal cord strikes such as car accidents. Previously it was thought that SCIs could not be treated. However, new advances in neurology showed possible treatment to relieve pain in these patients. This article presents a brief review about physiology of spinal cord, kinds of injuries and novel strategies for SCIs treatment.
Methods and Materials: This review performed by searching spinal cord injuries, primary injury, secondary injury, cell therapy, molecular therapy, and tissue engineering keywords in various internet data bases such as SID, Google Scholar, and Magiran.
The results showed three general therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SCIs, which are cell therapy, molecular therapy, and tissue engineering. Each approach has several sub-categories. In cell therapy, such as neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchyme stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESs), olfactory unsheathing cells (OECs), Schwann cells (SCs), activated macrophages, and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSs) have been utilized to study their effects in SCI repair. In recent years, the molecular therapy has been improved in this area and scientists mainly focus on protecting cord injury, overcoming the inhibition, and stimulating axonal growth, which these approaches have been studied in this overview.
Discussion and In this review study, the anatomy of spinal cord is introduced and studied briefly. Then, two kinds of injuries in spinal cord damage and also the animal models in SCI research are considered in this review. Finally, three kinds of therapeutic approaches are studied in detail.