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سال شانزدهم شماره 74 (امرداد 1398)

Except for representing individuals, the icons carry very old phenomena, events, symbols, and analogies, and understanding their meaning requires the cultural history and culture. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, iconography (It is one of the most significant methods of art research, especially in the field of art history, used for studying pictures in the art history) has undertaken the scientific task in the field of art history, to identify and analyze the subject of representation in the artwork by referring to written sources. The present research analyzes the picture of Tetra-Cephalous Angel in Mir Heidar's Me'raj-Nameh, which is observed in Islamic and Jewish religions. According to the research conducted by researchers in this area, the picture of Tetra-Cephalous Angel (human head, lion, cow, and bird) is a representation of four main Zodiac Celestials in 4000 B.C. along with the representation of the four depending well known elements in ancient astronomy. The main question of the research is what the connection between the color of the Tetra-Cephalous Angel and the color of the four main Zodiac Celestials and the four dependent elements is.The present research seeks to investigate the effect of astronomical beliefs on the color of the four main Zodiac Celestials and its four depending elements as the macrocosm on the pictures of various religions as one of the areas where the people’ beliefs are manifested in different eras as the microcosm. This research presents an investigation with the historical-comparative method and an iconographic approach to analyze the picture of Tetra-Cephalous Angel in Mir Heidar's Me'raj-Nameh. The results indicated that the colors of the Tetra-Cephalous Angel picture adapt to the colors of the main Zodiac Celestials and its depending four elements.

In addition to the many factors leading to the creation of shelter, the role of sociocultural factors in the creation of the effects of immaterial tissue on the transfer of the meaning of architectural works is modeled. One of the architectural phenomena that can be a reflection of social discourse in its reading is "high-rise residential buildings." Meanwhile, the relationship between architecture and cinema, which has been used for many times in both areas, is the venue for review and convincing the audience. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the discourse and semiotic analysis methods can be applied to architectural works and a systematic search for the meanings that have been shown to influence the impact of the cultural and social context on the emotional audience. With this aim, after analyzing the archive of Iranian cinema, analyzes have been presented with the aim of matching and identifying the interconnectedness of the discursive space of cinematic works with architectural works. Research This study, using the library and cinema documents of Iran, in a discursive semantic manner, introduces movies as a semiotic source. It also analyzes the format of discourses in samples of films which deals in a way with the theme of high buildings. Then, through intertextualization, it has received some of the meaning of architecture in an open and fluid form. The findings of this research have been presented through descriptive-analytic method. Discourse semantics can be a logical reason for reading the meaning of architecture. Considering the social cohesion of high-rise residential buildings, one can say that they make privacy and neighborhood borders. Such buildings are the basis of materialism, individualism and ostentation, which are more reflected in the middle class of society. It is also in line with the growth of the social role of women and the new model of the family. Reading these meanings and this mirroring, together with the need for high-rise residential buildings, can lead to a transformation in the design of this architectural example.

Architecture and art is the best form of emergence of human attitude towards religious rituals and importance such rituals hold. In ancient Persia one of the most significant ritualistic foundations to form the space has been Mithraic beliefs. The importance of architectural design in Mithraic temples is presented in various periods of art and architecture in Iran and other parts of the globe based on the complexity of Mithraic mysteries. The art affected by Mithraism has been transformed in the passage of time into distinct meaning. Although, astrology and studying the heavenly bodies has been a very major issue among the followers, but in general studies on the Mithraic temples always taken place with a focus on interior architectural design of the Mithraeum, and unfortunately the external environment of the temple and natural elements are missing in previous studies. Purpose of presents study is to survey and evaluate the Mithraic temple appearance based on the available documents and buildings identified up to the present day. According to the explanatory-descriptive survey research methods and studying the ritualistic evidences and available papers and articles, and eventually, evaluating the Mithraic temple appearance we got to the conclusion that despite the fundamental structural changes in Mithraic temples from cave temples into underground Mithraeums in various parts of the world and in long periods of time, the general axis of design in Mithraic temples is the nocturnal landscape.

This paper examines the literature on sustainable development, the historical development of natural disaster, the methods of assessing sustainable urban development and its criteria and indicators, especially in Iran, because the theoretical foundations of these discussions in Iran are less well-known. Integrated Environmental Assessment Studies is an entirely new, dynamic, and systematic approach that observe the city and the environment in an ecological mutual cycle, Analyze ecosystem model assessment systems and determine the indicators that are studied and used in each region. It will be paid.In this article, along with understanding of urban environmental issues, the role of urban management in solving environmental problems in urban ecology areas has been studied. 1.Understanding urban environmental problems and the characteristics of them; 2. Determining the role of urban management in solving environmental problems in urban ecolog; 3. Localization of the integrated conceptual framework in relation to the application of urban management. based on the recognition of environmental characteristics. Research The research method used in this paper based on the type of research is an analytical-exploratory method, based on the nature and method of research of the qualitative method, which has been tried to analyze the content and review of the document library and then the comparison of results are essential. The findings of this paper show that close monitoring and evaluation of the effects of human activities on environment and its related infrastructure is a major issue. Since there are different methods and indicators for assessing urban sustainability, as discussed in the paper, there is necessity for the development of a micro-urban urbanization which is precise and comprehensive in the form of a conceptual framework. This framework should be able to Integrate with a larger scale assessment tool.

Today, along with the social and cultural changes which have led to the emergence of new needs, and regarding the new technological advancements, new products and methods have products in markets; one of these emerging phenomena is modular structure. The ability to choose and to diversify the range of desired products in the future is more after being supplied to the customer which allows the user in some cases to create the desired design at any moment in the future. In fact, consumers can get their desired products according to their tastes and requirements by applying functional properties. Most of the products, and some of them, are generally pre-designed and produced; however, it is possible to create various designs using some know-how and tricks. Such futuristic measures are taken at the design step and before production, i.e. they are within the framework of the action of futuristic designers. These new methods of designing building systems make it possible to provide certain flexibility. They provide usability for a longer time by making possible improvements. The benefits of this article are discussed. To provide flexibility in the space of architecture, it is essential that a smart planning system of futurism exists beside the pre-fabrication; modularity is one of them. This strategy will lead to increase the creativity and user-friendliness in the designs needed for daily life or products. This paper tries to explain the modular design strategy to provide an operational solution for the design of future human environments.

From the beginning of the history of architecture, unconsciously or consciously, the issue of context has affected the architectural design. With the emergence of modern architecture, some theories were discussed about how to encounter the context in design and by criticizing those theories in the postmodern era and the advent of the Contextualism term in the architecture literature became a controversial topic among the thinkers of this field. This study has aimed at categorizing and analyzing the approaches to encountering the context in order to use it in design. In this descriptive-analytical study regard, using library references, an overview of the theoriststheorists’ approaches has been first mentioned in order to achieve a comprehensive classification . Then different theories about the critique of these approaches have been then investigated; and finally, these theories have been concluded and their fundamental points have been extracted and presented. The results indicate that while emphasizing principles including these principles can be summarized in three items of avoiding excess and negligence, simultaneous attention to the historical context and contemporary context, as well as the maintenance of integrity and continuity, the investigated theories support the contextualism.