فصلنامه بررسی های حسابداری و حسابرسی
پیاپی 96 (تابستان 1398)

In one hand, based on one of the fundamental assumptions of agency theory, the external organizational pressure imposed on managers declines their potential moral hazard but on the other hand, the cognitive evaluation theory argument is that strong expectations of managers due to the strategic organizational leadership mechanisms, while limiting their sense of autonomy, decline their individual motivation for conducting business and potentially lead to financial fraud. Regarding the mentioned contradictory arguments, this research aims to examine the relationship between corporate governance and financial fraud strategies, focusing on cognitive assessment of representation prescriptions. In this research external corporate governance mechanisms are measured by using dedicated institutionalownership and loan lender power. Two research hypotheses were analyzed using the data of 128 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period from 2012 to 2017 (include 768 firm-year observation) as well as using logistic regression. The results indicated that the proprietary ownership and lenders’ power as corporate organizational mechanisms of management have a positive and significant effect on the probability of financial fraud. In other words, the external organizational pressure from owners and lenders maximizes the risk of financial fraud among managers When executives are encountered with a rigorous outsourcing control, more likely they would engage in fraudulent behaviors. This finding is in the opposite of the result which is expected by the managers' opportunistic activities, in accordance to the agency theory of the operation of external organizational controls.

Economic growth and development of a country are the results of the country's productive capacity and capital is one of the most important factors of production. Funding through the capital market is one of the least costly financing methods that require the trust of investors, the security of investment, and the protection of investors' rights. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for protecting the rights of investors with an emphasis on accounting constructs. In this research, by using theoretical sampling method and then snowball sampling, the factors influencing the investors' protection rights were investigated through interviewing experts and specialists including faculty members and people working in the securities and exchange organization or other elements of the capital market, by using the grounded theory methodology and analyzing the data obtained from the interview, factors affecting the protection of investors' rights were examined. Also, using open, axial and selective coding, the concepts, categories, specifications and dimensions of the categories were extracted and the categories referred to the conditions, strategies, intervening conditions, context conditions and consequences. The model was refined and validated by presenting the experts (some of whom had not previously been interviewed). A model for protecting the rights of investors that has identified the components that affect the protection of investors' rights. Identifying the components of protecting the rights of investors increases the economic health of society and public confidence. It seeks to achieve economic justice and optimal allocation of resources, prevent corruption and financial mismanagement, promote the transparency of capital market information, capital market development, and create an active market, competition in the economy, economic development and industrial progress.

Manager's efficiency in using corporate resources is reflected in the information presented in the financial statements.  Manager's ability can reduce fraudulent financial reporting by fulfilling stakeholders expectations and improving firm's performance. On the other hand, political connections not only affect firms financial situation, but also it can affect manager's incentives and abilities in preparation of the financial statement and lead to significant difference in the quality of financial reporting. Thus, the purpose of the present research is to examine the association between managerial ability and fraudulent financial reporting, and also to investigate the moderating effect of political connections on this relationship. To achieve the study objectives, 129 firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange were selected and studied for the period of 2011 to 2017. A panel data approach was used to test the hypotheses of research. Research’s findings show that there is a negative and significant association between managerial ability and the fraudulent financial reporting. In addition, the findings show that firms' political connections with the government do not weaken or limit the impact of managerial ability to reduce fraud in financial reporting. The results show that more able managers are knowledgeable about their business and can therefore make effective judgments and estimates, they can better transform firm resources and achieve better business performance and thus reduce fraud in financial reporting. In addition, the results show that the effectiveness of managerial ability to reduce financial reporting fraud is not affected by the firms' political connections with the government

The purpose of this research is to identify and quantify the challenges of implementing the expected credit loss (ECL) model in Iranian banks. This model can identify the effects of defaults in earlier periods, which would reduce the volume of banks bad debts. The required data was collected mainly through library studies and interviews with those who are experts in the field using the fuzzy Delphi method and in appropriate cases through face-to-face interviews. Finally, the collected data were processed the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to identify and rank barriers to implementing the ECL model. And by using the new WASPAS method, the best solutions to eliminate the obstacles to implementing the expected loss model in Iran's banks are proposed. Results showed that the globalization index of funding is the most important index for the need to implement international standards of financial reporting (IFRS) in Iranian banks. Index of the increased risk of bad debts and the provision for impairment bad debts of Iranian banks are the most important index of the status of existing infrastructure. Appropriate classification group of microfinance and timely provision for impairment bad debts were also identified as the most important consequences of using the credit loss model. Failure to monitor financial statements and other information during repayment is also the most important challenge in implementing this model. Access to reliable information for professional judgment has also been recognized as the most important solution to these challenges. Banks are required to develop their risk management systems in order to implement the expected loss model, since most of the information needed, like the determination of default probabilities (PD) and internal customer ratings for determining Reserve, is provided by risk management units.

The dominant approach in international financial reporting standards is measuring fair value.The complexity of estimates of fair value mentioned in the International Financial Reporting Standard No. 13 will create challenges in auditing and it affects the quality of the audit; therefore, the main objective of this study is examining the views of Iranian auditors about the audit of fair value estimates and its audit challenges. Data was collected by questionnaire.  In this study, statistical tests like One-Sample T-Test and Friedman have been used for analyzing data. The findings of 118 collected questionnaires indicate thatthe use of Audit Standard 540 approved by the Audit Organization is difficult and requires reconsideration. Auditors believe that the most important audit challenge with regard to measuring fair value is the absence of an active market for most assets and liabilities. Also, according to the findings, the audit challenges of the measurement of the fair value for financial assets and liabilities are different from non-financial assets and liabilities. Audit difficulty Levels 2 and 3 of the fair value, the lack of educational guidelines, lack of auditor's competence and lack of experienced specialists can affect the quality of auditing fair value, and these issues point to the need for auditing knowledge and revision of audit standards. Also, the Audit Organization is the most important reference in the codification of educational guidelines on auditing fair value estimates; therefore, it is necessary that the Audit organization takes the necessary steps to codification these guidelines.

In the present research, we have developed a human resource valuation model and its reporting at Iran National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and its subsidiary companies. Various models in the field of human resources valuation have been considered and finally, regarding the advantages and limitations of each model, a combination of “Myers and Flowers”, “Rana & Maheshwari's Marginal Monetary Worth” models was chosen as a model. This research consists of four stages. In the first stage, the quantitative and qualitative dimensions and components effective on human resource valuation were extracted based on the review of the literature. In the second stage, dimensions and components were identified through interviews with experts, three stages of distribution of the questionnaire and the Fuzzy Delphi method.In the third stage, the relationship between the components was investigated through questionnaires and the method of Fuzzy DEMATEL.Finally, the experts' opinions on human resources valuation reporting was assessed through questionnaire and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Based on the first and second stages of the research, effective 15 dimensions and 20 components were identified for human resources valuation at the NIOC and its subsidiary companies. In the third stage, the components were prioritized and the suggested research model is presented. According to the experts' opinions, the best form of reporting is in the form of  Rial and in the text of the financial statements. The directors and executives of the National Iranian Oil Company and it's subsidiary companies can value human resources through the proposed model.

Entrance to the specialized audit profession requires to make decision and have distinct attributes and properties, which the capability of taking wise decisions is one of them. The task of auditors as a specialized profession participants, is to opine about financial statement that in turn to it requires to auditor’s neutrality in decision making. If auditors be independent from clients, in the best possible way, they can make free from bias decisions. The goal of the research is to provide a model of auditor decision making based on grounded theory approach. The research method is a developmental research in terms of goal and an exploratory research based on data collection method. According to the qualitative research method, needed data was collected through grounded theory and interview. Open coding, selective coding and theoretical coding were done too. Finally, research model designed based on the theoretical framework. The results show a structure with a component called wise auditors decision making. This approach introduces wise decision making as an emotional, cognitive, reflective and integrated process which considers internal and external condition about the decisions and focuses on the maximum number of stakeholders. The findings of the research both approve and challenge previous conceptual research about knowledge and provide a practical method for wise decision by auditors. The application of the research plays significant role because of making wider of practical perspective of knowledge in auditors and more understanding of complicated nature of decision in professional auditing context. From auditors’ perspective, the development of making wise decisions in real condition requires a multi-faced and integrated approach which can be taught.