فصلنامه فرایند مدیریت و توسعه
سال سی و یکم شماره 3 (پیاپی 105، پاییز 1397)

The purpose of this article is to develop a causal model for corruption in Tehran Municipality as a base theory for anti-corruption policies in this agency. In order to implement this research, variables causing corruption in Tehran Municipality were identified by examining the background and relevant literature review. Following that, using exploratory factor analysis method, the extracted factors (personal and organizational) were identified in 52 organizations affiliated to the municipality and/by applying structural equation modeling, based on PLS method, the relationship and the effect level of each factor on the employees' willingness to corruption were investigated. Results show that at individual level, internal factors including ‘non-adherence to religion’, ‘non-adherence to ethics’ and ‘risk aversion’, as well as external or conditional factors including ‘economic status’, ‘perceiving inequity’, ‘inappropriate socialization" and ‘frequent communication with clients’ play a role in tendency towards corruption. At the organizational level, preventive factors such as ‘providing information and anti-corruption culture’, ‘appropriateness of supervisory mechanisms and anti-corruption measures’ and ‘transparency and accountability’ have an impact. Finally, factors which increase effectiveness including ‘unsustainable income’, ‘use of information technology’, ‘quality of 
decisions’, ‘quality of enforcing laws and regulations’ and ‘meritocracy’ all can determine the emergence of corruption in the Municipality of Tehran.

Covert behaviors commonly known as backstabbing are those actions taken in the absence of a target person in order to destroy his reputation or create some difficulties for him. Given the adverse consequences of backstabbing behaviors for the individual, organization, and society, the present study attempts to identify the causes of these behaviors in public organizations of Mashhad City. The research was of interpretive nature, its approach was qualitative, and its strategy was emergent-based grounded theory. The statistical population included public organizations` managers in Mashhad City. Amongst them, 19 were selected based on purposeful sampling to achieve theoretical saturation. The data gathering tool was semi-structured interview. The results of the interviews were analyzed by theoretical and actual coding which revealed that the causes of backstabbing behaviors can be classified into three categories: individual, managerial, and organizational. Understanding these factors can provide a context through which we can prevent the spread of these behaviors in organizations.

The present research aims to study workplace learning in the Petrochemical Industries National Company. The research is of qualitative nature and uses grounded theory approach, introduced by Charmaz. Data collection methods included interviews, analysis of documents, observation and focus groups. The statistical population of the research consisted of 350 employees, 16 of whom were selected through purposeful sampling method. Grounded theory approach (open coding, focused coding and theoretical coding) and Maxqda software10 were applied to analyze data. As a result, 6 general categories, 17 secondary categories and 42 sub-categories were discovered. The final results show that constructivism learning, connectivism learning, social learning, formal training, learning from information sources and self-directed learning are some of the learning methods used by employees of Petrochemical Industries National Company.

Employer-supported volunteering (ESV) has recently been a topic of growing importance in academic papers and workplaces throughout the world. Regardless of the kind of voluntary program or type of industry, participation in volunteering, in addition to creating a community advantage, has benefits both for employees and employers. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the antecedents of employee participation in ESV. In this regard, by searching for related key words in Scopus and Web of Science databases, 49 quantitative and qualitative articles in English were selected and reviewed and using the CASP tool, the unrelated and non-relevant articles were removed. Research results, based on the 19 final codes obtained from these studies show that the antecedents of ESV can be classified into three categories: individual, organizational, and environmental. At the individual level, the antecedents are demographic factors, self-oriented motivators, values, and personality attributes. Organizational factors include employees' working time, type of organization, size of the organization, organizational culture, meaningfulness of the voluntary project, volunteering program management, employer support and volunteering recognition by the organization. Finally, the pressure of stakeholders and the government's support for ESV are among the environmental factors.

The progress of technology, the expansion of the Internet, and the emergence of online social media have created an appropriate infrastructure for communication and transfer of experiences. These environmental changes have transformed customer relationship with firms and have forced them to provide online services. The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive model of customer loyalty to online services in the banking industry. From among the customers who used online banking services, 651 individuals were selected as statistical sample to complete the research questionnaires. The research hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling technique and AMOS23 software. Reliability and validity measurement was established using the confirmatory factor analysis technique. Research results show that the quality of online services has a direct positive effect on online loyalty in terms of utilitarian and hedonic quality. Also, the quality of online services has an indirect positive effect on online loyalty through online relationship qualities including trust, commitment and online satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated experience documentation process as a basis for designing and implementing experience documentation in organizations. The research method used was qualitative which is a type of meta-study known as meta-synthesis. After designing the research questions, systematic search was carried out among researches and 28 were selected based on purposeful sampling and then relevant keywords were selected from six internal databases (from the beginning to the end of March 2017) and eleven external databases (from the beginning to the end of April 2017). By reviewing the researches, three steps were identified, i.e. formulation, implementation and development. The formulation step included the two stages of organizing the experience documentation team and training the team. The implementation step included the three stages of acquisition, edition and maintenance of experience. The development step included the two stages of experience dissemination and continued documentation in the organization. According to these steps and stages, the integrated experience documentation process was developed and its reliability and validity were approved. The results of this study can be used by managers as a basis for planning and implementing experience documentation in their organizations