فهرست مطالب

زبان پژوهی - پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1398)

نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1398)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/05/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 11
|
  • مهتاب اسدی*، محمود رنجبر صفحات 7-27
    نشان دادن الگوهای روایی یک مجموعه، گامی مهم در جهت بیان شبکه ای از عناصر روایی و ساختارمند ذهن بشر است.روایت شناسی به عنوان روشی علمی در صدد دست یافتن -الگوهایی روایی است. این دانش توانسته است در میان تفاوت های نگرشی و بینشی متون و آثار ادبی منظر تازه ای ازدستور زبان جهانی روایتدر نقد ادبی را باز نماید. نمایشنامه یکی از کهن ترین آثار ادبی بشر است که با کاربرد عناصر روایی - همانند داستان- از ظرفیت هایی ویژه در بهره گیری از مولفه های روایی برخوردار است. در این پژوهش با بهره گیری از روش تحلیلی، اسنادی ضمن بررسی مولفه های پست مدرن، نمایشنامه «عکس عروسی» نوشته چیستا یثربی بر اساس نظریه روایی ژرار ژنت بررسی شده است. تمرکز این پژوهش بر مولفه زمان شامل نظم، تداوم و بسامد بوده است. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد در نمایشنامه یادشده،گذشته نگری(analepsis)، آینده نگری(prolepsis)، تداوم(duration) و بسامد(frequency) به صورتی برجسته سازی شده در خدمت اندیشه های عمیق روانشناسی نویسنده قرار گرفته است؛ به گونه ای که زمان به ظاهر پریشان نمایشنامه در قالب حوادث متن، ارتباطی پیوستاری با سایر عناصر روایی دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: ژرار ژنت، چیستا یثربی، زمانمندی، روایت، نمایشنامه
  • لیلا حسینی*، علی پیرانی شال، صغری فلاحتی، حامد صدقی صفحات 29-58
    فرایند قاعده افزایی چیزی نیست جز توازن در وسیعترین مفهوم خود و این توازن از طریق "تکرار کلامی" حاصل می آید. در این شگرد، قواعدی بر قواعد زبان معیار افزوده می شود که موجب برجسته سازی در متن ادبی می گردد. قاعده افزایی موجب ایجاد موسیقی در زبان شعر می گردد و استفاده از آن بر توانایی شاعر در بهره گیری از ظرفیت های زبانی به منظورناآشنا ساختن و برجستگی زبان دلالت می کند. از این رو صورتگرایان روس، آن را عامل شکل گیری اثر ادبی می دانند. در این پژوهش، پس از بحث درباره قاعده افزایی، شگردهای آن در شعر مصطفی وهبی التل معروف به "عرار" بررسی می شود تا مشخص گردد که این شگرد ادبی تا چه اندازه توانسته است در شعر او موجب برجسته سازی شود. یکی از ویژگی های برجسته شعر وی، قاعده افزایی است که شاعر با به کار گیری مطلوب توازن آوایی و واژگانی در حیطه قاعده افزایی به عادت زدایی دست زده و از این رهگذر موجب برجسته سازی و آهنگین تر شدن کلام خود گشته است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی به برجسته سازی و قاعده افزایی در سطوح آوایی و واژگانی می پردازد و در پی آن است که زیبایی شعری عرار را بر مخاطب آشکار سازد.
    کلیدواژگان: قاعده افزایی، توازن آوایی، توازن واژگانی، عرار
  • الهام اخلاقی باقوجری*، شهلا شریفی، علی ایزانلو صفحات 59-76
    زبان از آن جهت جالب توجه است که تنها عده معدودی درک واقعی از دانش زبان خود دارند، درحالی که هر کس زبان خاصی را می داند و استفاده می کند. برای رسیدن به این درک زبانی، شفاهی سازی روایت بین دو گروه کودکان و بزرگسالان مونث مقایسه شده است. 80 شرکت کننده، فیلم بدون کلام و جهانی گلابی (چیف، 1980) را بازگو کردند. پس از پیاده سازی، داده ها از نظر رویدادهای حرکتی مطرح شده در تالمی (2000) مورد مقایسه و تحلیل های آماری قرار گرفتند. فعل یا رویداد حرکتی وضعیتی است که در آن حرکت یا ایستایی رخ می دهد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این تحلیل، دو گروه تفاوت معناداری در استفاده از افعال حرکتی انتقالی نداشتند، اما در استفاده از افعال حرکتی خودشامل تفاوت معناداری بین دو گروه وجود دارد. دلیل عمده شباهت کاربرد، بسامد بالای افعال حرکتی انتقالی و مرکزی بودن این افعال در مجموع افعال زبان فارسی است. اما از آن جا که افعال حرکتی خودشامل از نظر کاربرد نسبت به افعال حرکتی انتقالی بیشتر در حاشیه قرار دارند، تنوع زبانی و در نتیجه تفاوت بین دو گروه دیده می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: روایت، رویدادهای حرکتی، داستان گلابی، افعال حرکتی خود شامل، افعال حرکتی انتقالی
  • خانم شفایی*، محمد دبیرمقدم صفحات 77-108
    بررسی حاضر به صورت بندی حالت دهی کنائی در زبانهای تاتی، تالشی و وفسی در چارچوبی کمینه گرا می پردازد. انطباق در زبانهای مذکور دوگانه است، به این مفهوم که در بندهای لازم و بند متعدی زمان حال، فاعل در حالت مستقیم است و فعل با فاعل مطابقه می کند. اما در بندهای متعدی زمان گذشته فاعل در حالت غیر فاعلی است و فعل با فاعل مطابقه وندی ندارد و در عوض واژه بست کار ارجاع به فاعل متعدی را بر عهده دارد. در این راستا، پس از معرفی دیدگاه های مطرح در خصوص حالت دهی کنائی نشان خواهیم داد که این نوع حالت دهی در زبانهای ایرانی نوعی حالت دهی ساختاری است و در قالب حالت دهی ذاتی قابل صورت بندی نمی باشد. در این خصوص مبانی نظری مارک بیکر (2010- 2015) که با تکیه بر مفاهیم نحوی نسخه جدیدی از نظام حالت دهی وابسته (مارانتز(1991)) را ارائه می دهد قادر است بر پایه نظریه فازها، به نحو کمینه ای حالت دهی کنائی در بندهای متعدی زمان گذشته را صورت بندی نماید.
    کلیدواژگان: انطباق دوگانه، حالت دهی کنائی، حالت ذاتی، حالت ساختاری، حالت دهی وابسته
  • رامین حکمتی*، محمود بی جن خان صفحات 109-128
    چکیده در این مقاله الگوی نوایی عناصر حاضر در حوزه ی اضافه و کل ساخت اضافه در چهارچوب واج شناسی نوایی بررسی شده است. در این راستا با انجام آزمایشی تولیدی مشتمل بر سه جمله ی دارای ساخت اضافه از دوازده گویشور فارسی زبان خواسته شد تا آن جملات را تولید کنند. صدای این گویشوران در محیطی آکوستیک ضبط شد و سپس مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. ازآنجاکه هر یک از عناصر [+N] موجود در ساخت اضافه به همراه واکه ی اضافه ی متصل به آن منجر به ایجاد نواخت گونه ای از گروه واجی یعنی گروه واژه بست می شود (Hekmati, 2016)؛ این پرسش طرح خواهد شد که کل ساخت اضافه در چه سطحی از سلسله سطوح نوایی قرار خواهد گرفت. پایین تر بودن سطح نرخ فرکانس پایه ی تکیه ی آخرین گروه واجی ساخت اضافه نسبت به نرخ فرکانس پایه ی تکیه ی کلیه ی گروه های واژه بست حاضر در ساخت مزبور در مواردی که دیرکرد قله ی هجا سبب حرکت قله ی فرکانس پایه ی هجای تکیه بر به هجای بعدازآن گردد، کل ساخت اضافه را به لحاظ نوایی به سطح گروه آهنگ می نگارد. چنین تحلیلی قادر به تبیین علت برجستگی شنیداری هر یک از عناصر حاضر در حوزه ی اضافه است؛ چراکه هر یک از گروه های واژه بست حاضر در حوزه ی اضافه جاذب تکیه ی دومین بوده و آخرین واژه ی حاضر در این ساخت به عنوان گروه واجی جاذب تکیه ی نخستین (گروه آهنگ) می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: واج شناسی نوایی، دیرکرد قله ی هجا، نرخ فرکانس پایه، تکیه ی دومین
  • احمدرضا شریفی پورشیرازی*، جلال رحیمیان صفحات 129-150
    این پژوهش که از روشی کیفی تبعیت میکند؛ درپی آن است تا توزیع پرسشواژه در جملات پرسشی تک پرسشواژه ای در فارسی را در چارچوب رویکرد اشتقاقی و نحوفاقدمشخصه مورد بررسی قرار داده و نشان دهد که چرا در بعضی ساختارها پرسشواژه ضرورتا به صورت درجا ظاهر میگردد، درحالیکه در برخی از ساختها درجابودن یا نبودن آن، کاملا اختیاری است. در این پژوهش زبانها را باتوجه به تنوع توزیع پرسشواژه در آنها به دو دسته ی زبانهای دارای پرسشواژه ی ثابت و پرسشواژه ی غیرثابت تقسیم کردیم و زبان فارسی را در دسته ی دوم قرار داده و با تکیه بر این تقسیم بندی و با بهره گیری از دامنه نمایی و بازادغام نشان دادیم که پرسشواژه در تمامی زبانها به صورت اجباری در دو جایگاه ادغام می شود. آنگاه استدلال کردیم که تلفظ یکی از دو پرسشواژه ادغام شده حاصل تعاملی است که میان نظام های خوانشی و بیرونی ساز برقرار می شود. در همین راستا، با بازنگری عملکرد پیش آوری کانون نشان دادیم که نمیتوان پیشآوری کانون را عامل بازادغام پرسشواژه به حساب آورد، بلکه صرفا عاملی است درجهت تلفظ بالاترین پرسشواژه. سپس با بررسی ساختارهای حاوی افعال ربطی نشان دادیم که وجود/عدم وجود فعل ربطی در کنار پرسشواژه میتواند عامل موثری در تلفظ بالاترین پرسشواژه به تنهایی باشد و بر همین اساس، اصلی تحت عنوان "اصل تلفظ بالاترین پرسشواژه" را صورت بندی کردیم و بر اساس آن نشان دادیم که بر خلاف رویکردهای موجود درباره ی پرسشواژه در فارسی،میتوان اختیاری یا اجباری بودن حرکت پرسشواژه را به صورتی کاملا یکپارچه تحلیل کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: توزیع پرسشواژه، دامنه نمایی، بازادغام، پیش آوری کانون، فعل ربطی
  • الهه کمری* صفحات 151-175
    توانایی تولید گفتمان دارای پیوستگی به عنوان یکی از مولفه های ضروری دانش رشدی کودک، در طول فراگیری زبان، بخش مهمی از دانش زبانی است که کودکان نیازمند فراگیری آن هستند. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، بررسی توانایی کودکان تک زبانه فارسی زبان در حفظ پیوستگی داستان و همچنین مقایسه یافته های حاصل از آن با دیگر پژوهش ها به منظور تصدیق یافته های پیشین براساس تحلیل شبکه علی است. برای این منظور، سی کودک 5-6 ساله (با میانگین سنی 5 سال و 6 ماه) و سی کودک 9-10 ساله (با میانگین سنی 9 سال و 6 ماه) به عنوان آزمودنی های پژوهش مورد بررسی قرارگرفتند. در هر گروه سنی 30 کودک پسر شرکت داشت. سی بزرگسال مذکر تک زبانه فارسی زبان 20-25 ساله (با میانگین سنی 23 سال و 8 ماه) نیز به عنوان گروه کنترل مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. این سه گروه با استفاده از دو داستان مصور "قورباغه تو کجائی" و "قورباغه" ترغیب به روایت داستان شدند. داستان های روایت شده براساس شبکه علی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته های پژوهش نشان دهنده رشد کودکان در دستیابی به پیوستگی داستان با برقراری روابط علی بین رویدادهای داستان بود. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که شبکه علی در مقایسه با پیوندهای علی به نظر ابزاری حساس تر برای نشان دادن رشد کودکان در حفظ پیوستگی داستان است.
    کلیدواژگان: گفتمان روایتی، پیوستگی، روابط علی، کودکان تک زبانه فارسی‎ زبان
  • بدری سادات سیدجلالی، آزیتا عباسی* صفحات 177-200
    تعریف نگاری شاید مهم ترین نقش فرهنگ های یک زبانه باشد که بسته به اهداف تالیف آنها و مخاطبانشان به شیوه های گوناگون صورت می پذیرد. یکی از شیوه های تعریف نگاری استفاده از روابط مفهومی در فرهنگ لغت است. پژوهش حاضر برآن است تا، بر مبنای روشی تحلیلی-توصیفی، اهمیت استفاده از روابط معنایی در تعریف نگاری را برجسته نماید و به این منظور، با به کارگیری چارچوب نظری کاساگراند و هیل (1967)، روابط معنایی در تعریف نگاری نمونه های استخراج شده از فرهنگ بزرگ سخن را مورد واکاوی قرار می دهد. نمونه های پژوهش با درنظر گرفتن این نکته که بتوانند حوزه های معنایی گوناگونی را دربرگیرند، به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. هدف از این بررسی آن است که ببینیم آیا به کارگیری روابط معنایی به کارآمدی بیشتر در تعریف نگاری می-انجامد و آیا به کارگیری روابط معنایی در تعریف نگاری مستلزم شیوه های متفاوتی در فرهنگ نویسی است؟ بررسی طبقه بندی سیزده گانه روابط معنایی در چارچوب نظری پژوهش نشان داد که الگوی نظری مذکور به دلیل دقت و ظرافت در مرزبندی میان روابط معنایی این ظرفیت را دارد که در فرهنگ های موضوعی با محوریت عناصر فرهنگ محور زبان بسیار کارآمد باشد. داده های پژوهش نشان می دهند که استفاده از روابط مفهومی در تعریف نگاری های فرهنگ بزرگ سخن اغلب به صورت ترکیبی مرسوم است.
    کلیدواژگان: فرهنگ نویسی، تعریف نگاری، روابط مفهومی، فرهنگ بزرگ سخن
  • بشیر جم* صفحات 201-221
    در گذشته در بسیاری از گونه های زبان فارسی از جمله در دو لهجه معیار و اصفهانی واکه افتاده /a/ در انتهای واژه های زبان فارسی وجود داشته که طی یک تحول درزمانی یک درجه افراشته شده و به واکه /e/ بدل گشته است. این فرایند به طور همزمانی، اما در بافت های دیگر، در لهجه اصفهانی نیز به گونه ای زایا رخ می دهد که یکی از ویژگی هایی این لهجه به شمار می رود. با این وجود، طی یک فرایند اختیاری معکوس که «معکوس شدگی قاعده» نامیده می شود، در زبان فارسی در بافت پیش از واژه «را» با تلفظ گفتاری[ro] و در بافت های گوناگونی در گفتار گویشوران میانسال به بالای لهجه اصفهانی، این واکه /e/ است که به واکه [a] تبدیل می شود. علت اولیه رخداد این فرایند در لهجه اصفهانی «تصحیح افراطی» است. هدف این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی که در چارچوب نظریه بهینگی(پرینس و اسمولنسکی، 2004 /1993) انجام شده معرفی و بررسی این «معکوس شدگی قاعده» در این دو گونه زبان فارسی است. رخداد این فرایند اختیاری با بهره گیری از رویکرد رتبه بندی آزاد که در آن یک درون داد با دو برون داد دستوری انطباق دارد مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است.
    کلیدواژگان: معکوس شدگی قاعده، تصحیح افراطی، افراشتگی واکه، گوناگونی آزاد، لهجه اصفهانی
  • نجمه اسلامی پور، محمدحسین شرف زاده* صفحات 223-246
    چکیده حرکت در زبانهای مختلف میتواند از طریق افعال حرکتی بیان شود که نحوه رمزگذاری آن در زبانها متفاوت میباشد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه افعال حرکتی در دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی از دیدگاه شناختی و ردهشناختی بر اساس چارچوب نظری ارایه شده از سوی تالمی (Talmy, 2000b) در مورد زبانهای فعل- محور و قمر- محور است. او قمر را مقوله دستوری هر سازه غیر از متمم گروه اسمی یا گروه حرف اضافهای همراه فعل میداند که با ریشه فعل رابطه خواهری دارد. بدین منظور 180 و در مجموع 360 فعل حرکتی در دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی بر اساس پیکره مرتب شده ازکیا (Azkia, 2012) از افعال حرکتی گردآوری و با استفاده از فرهنگهای دوزبانه و یکزبانه (آکسفورد، آریانپور و عمید) در بافت جمله بررسی و ترجمه شدند. سپس به لحاظ فعل- محور یا قمر- محور بودن، نحوه تقسیمبندی عناصر معنایی و قمر غالب با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. یافته ها حاکی از آن است که زبان فارسی بر خلاف زبان انگلیسی میل بیشتری به سوی قمر- محور بودن دارد. قمر غالب در زبان فارسی قمر حالت و در انگلیسی قمر جهت میباشد. در نهایت عناصر معنایی زبان فارسی به نسبت زبان انگلیسی قمر- محورتر عمل میکنند و هر کدام از این دو زبان طبقهبندی خاص خود را نسبت به نظریه تالمی دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: عنصرمعنایی، فعل حرکتی، رده شناسی، قمر- محور، فعل - محور
  • موسی غنچه پور* صفحات 247-273
    در این پژوهش نشانداری از طریق مطالعه خطاهای دو بیمار زبان پریش بروکا و یک بیمار ترانس کرتیکال حرکتی در تولید اسم های ساده و مرکب متشکل از ’اسم+اسم‘، ’صفت+اسم‘ و ’اسم+ستاک فعل‘ و با توجه به نظریه بهینگی پرینس و اسمولنسکی (1993) بررسی می شود. خطاها و فرایندهای واجی بیماران زبان پریش در تکالیف نامیدن در مواجهه و تکرار 32 اسم ساده و 32 اسم مرکب، بر اساس الگوهای حذف، پیشین شدگی، انسدادی شدگی، حذف همخوان پایانی، کوتاه شدگی خوشه همخوانی پایانه هجا و واکداری همخوان های گرفته آغازه هجا تحلیل می شوند. یافته ها نشان می دهند که خطاهای این بیماران واجی اند و در هیچ یک ازخطاها فرایند درج در رفتار زبانی بیماران مشاهده نمی شود. فرایند حذف و تقلیل در خوشه های پایانی واژه ها صورت می گیرد، حال آنکه فرایند واکداری بیشتر در همخوان های گرفته آغازه هجا رخ می دهد. مرتبه بندی محدودیت ها در خطاهای بیماران نشان می دهد که آواهای پیش زبانی در مقایسه با آواهای بدنه ای و نیز انسدادی ها در برابر سایشی ها بی نشان می باشند که به ترتیب از طریق محدودیت های نشانداری *بدنه زبانی و *سایشی نشان داده شده و تاییدی بر نظریه نشانداری یاکوبسون (1972) می باشند. بیماران زبان پریش بروکا و ترانس کرتیکال حرکتی بیشتر همخوان های گرفته واکدار را در آغازه هجا به کار می برند که مغایر با یافته های یاکوبسون (1972) و حاکی از آسیب پذیر تر بودن همخوان های انسدادی بی واک در مقایسه با جفت های واک دار می باشد. در میان واکه ها، واکه های افراشته بی نشان ترین واکه ها هستند.
    کلیدواژگان: نشانداری، محدودیت نشانداری، محدودیت پایایی، اسم مرکب، زبان پریشی
|
  • Mahtab Asadi *, Mamood Ranjbar Pages 7-27
    Showing the narrative patterns of a work is an important step for expressing a network of elements of the narrative and structural connotation of the human mind. Narratives are one of the most popular theories in contemporary literary research. The existence of the element in the literature, philosophy, memories, plays, etc. has long been the subject of interest from scholars and scholars of literature, sociology, and philosophy. Finally, by combining linguistics, literature, and other sciences, the need for the formation of a new discipline, called narration, was considered. The purpose of this study was to examine the way in which elements and components of a narrative were used to convey meaning. Of these narrative elements, time has a key role in narrative function. The term of time as the most important aspect of the narrative structure is the central element of the theory of genes. He discusses one of the most recent narrative about time, with three components of order, continuity and frequency. To understand the function of a literary work or a collection of works by a writer, narrative analysis based on the use of time is one of the researches that have been considered in recent decades. Narratives as a scientific method has been able to open a new place in the literary critique of the literary critique of the literary critique of literary and literary attitudes and insights.
    The play as one of the triple Aristotelian genres is closely related to literature and is one of the oldest literary works of mankind, which, with the use of narrative elements - as in the story - has special capacities in exploiting the components of validity. The validity of each play is indicative of its resources and its infrastructure. Therefore, the elements of any screening, as the basic rules of each work, are studied and studied, with the proper understanding of its constructions and the way of communication They can better understand each other better.
    In his works, especially in his plays, Kashta Yasbarbi has used various narrative capacities in various ways. The author has distinguished himself from the narrative and its clever use in translating the concepts of his literary works to other writers. The narrative capabilities of this literary-dramatic work reveal the author's artistic enjoyment of time-oriented techniques, using all the literary-narrative capacities of the element of time and with the precise application of narrative elements of the fit between concepts and transmissions. With the movements in the linear order of the play, the drama creates a desirable and fitting piece of art to achieve the specific timing of the "play world" and, on the other hand, makes the attraction and eloquence of the narrative and, on the other hand, triggers Instilling a sense of suspense and expectation in the audience, this has led to the immortality of his dramatic work.
    Yaserbi has been writing in various literary and literary styles. In fact, he provides the reader with all his work using a style appropriate to what he intends to say. But often it talks about the world through surreal features that deal with emotions, mysteries, dreams and dreams, and sometimes the boundaries of reality and dreams are so obscure and intertwined that there are streaks of realism It also found a magic.
    The timing factor of narrative in his plays is an extraordinary role, in fact, in expanding the anecdotes, the beauty and strength of them, and the artistic presentation of his fictional reports. In his works, he has tried to search for people's life and their existential reality, creating new themes for their simple happenings, often with bitter satire. This humor is generally associated with psychological analysis, which makes it different from others.
    In this research, using the analytical-documentary method, while demonstrating the postmodern components, the play has been examined based on Gareed's narrative theory. The "wedding picture" of the novel, according to the theory of gentile narrative time, is considered to be a multiplicity of narrative.
    In this play, the natural and linear course of time is broken. The findings of the research show that in postmodernist plays, the techniques of past, present, future, and continuity have been highlighted in the service of the author's deep thoughts of psychology, in such a way that the seemingly distracting time of the play in The format of text events is a continuum with other narrative elements. From the point of view of the principles of play writing, the acceleration of the narrative of events and their frequency and frequency has made a direct and meaningful connection to the content of the plays.
    The structural unity of the elements of display is to convey the regular or irregular sequences of display events in the context of the time to reach the pre-invoked action of the narrator, which, according to Genet's theory, moves from an unstable state to a stable state.
    Yasrebi has been able to use the conversation element as a constant acceleration. The frequency of conversation in the play creates approaches and plotting events with equal rhythm. Regarding the story space, the presence of dimming is seen from calendar or chronological times, and the writer, with his own work, bases its narrative time in the genre of fantasy stories. The narrator's position about the events of the story and his utilization of the timing of the narrative of the narrative movement of the story by turning the speed of presentation is appealing and pleasing, and with the application of the retrospective method, the inner time of the fifteen years of life of the couple is in the line of time now.
    Keywords: Gerardgenette, Chista Yasrebi, scheduling, narrative, play
  • Laila Hoseini *, Ali Piranishal, Sogra Falahati, Hmed Sedghi Pages 29-58
    1. General Introduction Wahbi al-Tal whose pen name is Arar that he was born in the 1899 in Irbid city in the north of Jordan, in a cultural family. In that time the Arab world was in a cultural isolation and it was immersed in silence, pain, seclusion and backwardness, which was subordinate of the Ottoman Empire and was begin to decline and demolition. His father was a Jordanian educated and Arar learned Turkish language which was official language in educational period he also was familiar with Persian language which was taught at that time (al-Tal, 1957, 49). He got his title from, Arar Ibn Amro Ibn sha'as al-Asdi that was a poet of the era of ignorance (Bekar, 1990, 31). 1. corresponding author: [email protected] Arar's poetry consist of themes such as love, attention to the woman, win and drunkenness, being and nothingness, life and death, debauchery and pleasures, repentance and committed lyrics and resistance. Defamiliarization is one of the significant feature of his poetry which has been done in variety of ways including the addition of rules, transgression in rhymes, elegant imagery and new combination and cohesion and harmony. 2. Theoretical framework Addition of rules unlike deviation (from the norm) is not deviation from rules of language but also it is exercising additional rules on the rules of norm language. Addition of rules can be investigated and classification according to harmony in phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels and analytic levels of phonetic harmony and lexical harmony in Mostafa Wahbi al-Tal's poetry in this way that is one of defamiliarization's practices, would analyze and investigate in this research. After discussion about addition of rules, this article seeks to answer this question: how much addition of rules could make foregrounding in his poetry and what is his goal of this literary approach? This research is based on this hypothesis which Arar has missed from rhythms of prosody and phonetic harmony in some the odes. 2-1 Review of Literature Upon exploring the history of the study, no essays regarding the criticism of Arar's poetry were discovered; however, a number of essays about the poet himself have been found including: - ،،عرار: شعریه التجربه لا شعریه الذاکره،، by Ibrahim Khalil, - "Epistemological origins of Arar" published by Ziyad al-Zaabi, - "The efforts of Arar, the great Jordanian poet, within the realm of Persian literature" by Bassam Ali Rababe'e, - "The influences of the Sage of Neyshabur upon Arar, the great poet of Jordan" by Bassam Ali Rababe'e. - ،،اللغه و الاسلوب فی شعر عرار،، by Mahmoud al-Sammarah, - And ،،وجوه تاثر مصطفی وهبی التل (عرار) بعمر الخیام النیسابوری،، Published by Behrooz Ghorbanzadeh. 2-2 The scope and focus of research The focus of this studies is different from the aim of this research. The present study is a literary research on addition of rules with regard to the aforementioned poet. It is worth noting that findings of this research are examined through the examination of his poems (divan) called the Asyat Valley yabs. 3. Methodology This study investigate addition of rule practices based on the theories of formality in an analytical-descriptive method. 4. Discussion results Defamiliarization consequently, addition of rules and deviation cause foregrounding in his poetry, which this research achieved the following results in this regard: 4-1 Phonetic and lexical harmonies is one of the most important features of addition of rules. by using these harmony the poet has done habit breaking in the field of addition of rules, of course using of deviation and addition of rules in Wahbi al-Tal's poetry are very effective and in this way he has been able to bring foregrounding to his words in the eyes of audiences. 4-2 The element of repetition is one of the most important music features of Arar's poetry which has doubled his poem's music and has given his poetry a certain coherence, repetition in his poem has much frequency and appears in variety forms such as phoneme, word and sentence repetition. 4-3 Given the harmony between rhythm and content and between rhythm and words, the poet was keen on modernism in rhythm and deviation from poetic metres, and about transgression in rhymes, one can point to enter pantastichs in his poem. 4-4 He uses the following sound and fricative continuity in his poetry to express feelings like vitality, happiness, complain, sadness, and transferring them to the audiences, and these leads poem to being foregrounding and musicality. 4-5 Derivative pun has the highest frequency in Arar's poetry. 4-6 Breaking the syntactic or verbal rules and ignoring them and combine words or vocabulary association is pleasing for him, in fact the language he uses is literary and the audience will notice a new massage and Arar's speech causes defamiliarization. 5. General Conclusion Addition of rules is one of the significant features of Arar's poetry which can be observed in form of harmonies (phonetic, lexical and grammatical), deviations, innovation and revival in a number of rhythms of prosody, attention to coherence and harmony in poetry, transgression in rhyme.
    Keywords: Addition of rules, Phonetic harmony, Lexical harmony, Arar
  • Elham Akhlaghi *, Shahla Sharifi, Ali Izanloo Pages 59-76
    Absstract Language is interesting, because only a few people have real understanding of their lingual knowledge. For reaching this understanding, verbalizing of narrative between two groups of girls and women was analyzed. 80 participates saw the Pear Story, a universal film which is designed by Chafe (1980) and retailed it. After gathering the data, they were analyzed based on Talmy’s motion events (2000). Motion verbs are motion or static situations and there are two kinds of these verbs, translational motion verbs and self-contained motion verbs. Based on results there is not meaningful different in using translational motion verbs between two groups, but they have meaningful different in using self-contained motion verbs. Basic reason for the resemblance is high frequency of translational motion verbs in Persian language. Contrary to translational motion verbs, self-contained motion verbs are more in margin of language; so in this case there are differences between two groups.
    Keywords: narrative, Motion event, Pear Story, Translational Motion, Self-contained Motion
  • Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam, Shafaei * Pages 77-108
    Tatic-type languages are among west Iranian languages divided into four main groups: northern Tatic, central Tatic, southern Tatic and Taleshi group (Stilo 1981: 139). Among these languages we focused on three southern Tatic languages namely Chali, Taleshi (Anbarani) and Vafsi. Theses Tatic languages presents one of the most complex kind of split alignments which follows the universal tendency seen in tense/aspectual split ergative alignments in which the ergative alignment only appears in a specific tense/aspect generally past/perfect tense. In these Tatic languages the oblique subject only appears in past transitive clauses where in there is no verbal agreement but in other environments the subject is direct and the verb agrees with direct subjects: In present tense sentences the subject is direct and the verb shows full agreement with the subject. In contrast, in past tense sentences the subject of intransitive clause is direct and the verb shows full agreement with the direct subject. In transitive clauses the subject bears marked case oblique and the agreement on the verb would be default 3s. In all three languages a pronominal mobile clitic optionally cross-reference the subject. The split ergative alignment of these Tatic languages is of potential theoretical interest mainly for two reasons. First: In one of the most influential view in the current literature on ergativity, ergative case is an inherent case (Nash (1996,2015) Woolford (1997, 2006), Aldrige (2004, 2008, 2012), Laka (2006) Anand and Nevins (2006), Legate (2006,2008, 2012), Massam (2006)). On this view ergative case is attributed to the lexical properties of the agentive v head that theta marks the subject, not to the subject's surface structural position or to the agreement with non-theta marking heads (Baker 2015: 54). In Other word the main assumption for considering ergative as a kind of inherent case is the relationship between agent theta role and ergative case and in languages that ergative is inherent case we should see a close correspondence between agent theta role and ergative subjects and also the presence of active alignment. However, it is not seem right for Tatic languages since what thematic roles an NP has is not a primary determinant of its case in these languages; all past transitive subjects are marked oblique regardless of their theta roles and no active alignment can be seen in these languages. On the other hand the restrictedness of the appearance of ergative/oblique case in past transitive sentences suggest that it is kind of structural case and should be accounted for by an structural case mechanism. Secondly the split ergative alignment in these Tatic languages is different from other aspectual split alignments in spite of the fact that the restriction of ergative to past transitive clauses conforms to the well-known universal tendency in this regard. But in these languages it is not aspect that conditions splitness. So generally it can be argued that these Tatic languages cannot be classified as an aspectual based ergative languages and none of analyses (Laka (2006), Coon & Preminger (2014), Nash (2015), Ura (2006), Baker (2015) which derive their analyses based on aspect can account for these Tatic languages. As it can be seen none of the previously analyses proposed so far can be readily used for explaining split ergative alignment in these Tatic languages. So the following questions and hypotheses are addressed here: 1- What is the source of Ergative case on past transitive subjects? 2- What is the source of direct case on present transitive subjects and intransitive ones? In alternative view (Baker 2015) ergative case is an structural case. Baker (2010,2015) believes that inherent view of ergative case has advantages for non-strict ergative languages like Hindi and Georgian and he tentatively accept it for those languages but he argues that in stricter ergative languages ergative is a structural case not inherent one (see Baker 2015: 54 for more discussion). In this regard he invokes the idea that in addition to agreement- based theory of case (Agree); case can be assigned by a rule of dependent case assignment -in the sense of Marantz (1991. He also invokes the possibility that one language may use a combination of case assigning mechanisms; in other word both Agree and Marantzian ones. We have adopted Baker's (2014) argument regarding the conditioning factor in splitness in Kurmanji and claim that the fundamental difference between clauses with past and present verb stems which drives the split ergative pattern in these Tatic languages is in the phasal status of the v node. We claim that subject direct case is related to agreement on T in the familiar way but oblique case on past transitive subjects is not related to agreement with a functional head, and instead we claim that the rule for oblique case assignment can be formalized in terms of dependent rule.
    Keywords: Split alignment, Ergative case, Inherent case, Structural case, Dependent case
  • Ramin Hekmati *, Mahmood Bijankhan Pages 109-128
    Abstract In this study, the prosodic pattern of Ezafe construction has been investigated under the framework of prosodic phonology. Prosodic phonology is a framework which evinces that a purely phonological constituent structure lies between syntax and phrasal phonetics (Pierrehumbert and Beckman, 1988). While this phonological constituent structure is independent of the syntactic constituency it is related to it by a module of the syntactic-prosodic constituency. Syntactic-prosodic constituency requires that the morpho-syntactic categories ought to be matched to phonological categories, regarding ALIGNMENT constraint which requires syntactic categories to be edge-aligned (right or left) with the head of phonological constituents (Selkirk, 2011). In this framework, heads are marked by their prominence by which it means that the most prominent element in a prosodic constituent is the phonological head of that constituent (Truckenbrodt, 1995). Those edge-aligned constituents make a hierarchical order in a strict manner with respect to each other, the strict layer hypothesis, in which a purely formal phonological mechanism specifies how constituents of the different prosodic levels form a prosodic hierarchy. In Persian Kahnemuyipour (2003) investigated the prosodic structure of phonological constituents within the prosodic phonology framework. He proposed that within the phonological words the right-most syllable, and within the phonological phrases the left-most phonological word, and within the intonational phrases the right-most phonological phrase, and within the utterances, the left-most intonational phrase is merit of receiving the prominence and therefore should be regarded as the head of their phonological constituents. Since the Ezafe construction is a unique linguistic phenomenon which can only be found in Persian, a great deal of dispute in previous studies can be found about the prosodic structure of this construction. While a number of researchers like Eslami (2005), Bijankhan and Abolhasanizadeh (2011) and Mahjani (2003) only investigated the phonetic realization of Ezafe construction within the autosegmental-metrical phonology framework, within the prosodic phonology framework Kahnemuyipour (2003) based on Ghomeshi (1996) takes the nouns and adjectives in an Ezafe construction, to be non-projecting base-generated X0 elements, and therefore proposed that the entire Ezafe construction is mapped into a single phonological word. Although Kahnemuyipour’s proposal was remarkably novel; he did not implement any laboratorial experiment to supporting his claim but his own intuition furthermore, considering the whole Ezafe construction as a single complex word is not intertwine with Persian speaker’s intuition. With this regard in this research, a laboratorial experiment is manipulated in order to figure out the prosodic level of the entire Ezafe construction within the prosodic phonology framework. In so doing we arranged an articulatory experiment included three sentences which differed due to their Ezafe construction’s length (from two to four words per each Ezafe construction) and we asked six men and six women of native Persian speaker to read aloud those sentences twice. 1)/ nazar-e dɑvar hame ra ʃeɡeftzade kard / 2) / bɑvar-e barɑdar-e ʔɑzar besijar aʤib-o ɢarib bud / 3) / xabar-e xɑb-e bad-e bahɑr dar hameje ʃahr piʧid / We recorded their voices in a soundproof booth in the University of Tehran within the PRAAT environment and then after we extract the fundamental frequency of each stress bearing syllable within Ezafe construction. Since we assume that each [+N] element in Ezafe construction with its adjoined Ezafe vowel construct a clitic group which is itself an allatone of phonological phrase (Hekmati, 2016); now we want to find the place of Ezafe construction in the hierarchy of prosodic structure as a whole. The most probable option for the whole Ezafe construction would be an intonational phrase, because theoretically when we combine a number of phonological phrases we would expect to generate the next upper level of the prosodic hierarchy, intonational phrase. The phonetic counterpart of the intonational phrase is final lowering in which the fundamental frequency of the final stress bearing syllable is significantly lower than its previous counterparts (Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1988). Comparing the fundamental frequency amount of the final stress bearing syllable of Ezafe construction with its non-final counterparts reveals that the fundamental frequency of the final stress bearing syllable of Ezafe construction is significantly lower than its counterparts (p<0.001). Having a lower rate of F0 in the final stressed vowel of the last phonological phrase compare to F0s of the stressed syllables of all the phonological phrases of Ezafe construction in which peak delay causes the movement of F0 peak of stressed syllable to the following syllable led us to map the Ezafe construction as a whole to an intonational phrase. This analysis can explain the cause of auditory prominence of each element in the Ezafe domain. Each phonological phrase in Ezafe domain absorb the secondary stress and the final word in Ezafe domain absorb the primary stress as the intonational phrase.
    Keywords: Prosodic phonology, Peak delay, F0, secondary stress
  • Ahmadreza Sharifipur Shirazi *, Jalal Rahimian Pages 129-150
    By investigating the distribution of wh-word in Single Wh-Questions in Persian through a qualitative method in terms of the theory of Derivational Approach and Feature-Free Syntax, we intend to explain why wh-word in some sentences is necessarily in situ. and why its movement is optional in others. Based on the distribution of wh-word, we put languages into two different categories: fixed wh-word and non-fixed wh-word, and accordingly, put Persian in the second category. By combining this classification with scope-marking and remerge, we suggest that merger of wh-word in two positions is compulsory. Furthermore, we argue that the interaction between interpretation systems and externalization systems determines the pronunciation of one of those merged wh-words. Meanwhile, by reinterpreting the focus fronting as a triggering factor for pronunciation of the higher merged wh-word and by studying the structures with copulas, we argued that the presence/absence of a copula with a wh-word can be a significant factor in pronouncing the highest merged wh-word alone. Accordingly, we formalized "principle of pronunciation of the highest wh-word" and showed that contrary to existing approaches regarding wh-word in Persian, the movement of wh-word as both optional and obligatory can be analyzed in a unified manner.
    Keywords: wh-word distribution, remerge, scope-marking, focus fronting, Copula
  • Elahe Kamari * Pages 151-175
    The ability to produce coherent discourse as an important component of child developmental knowledge during language acquisition is an essential part of language knowledge which child should acquire. The aims of the present research, are to investigate the ability of monolingual Persian-speaking children in maintaining narrative cohesion and also to compare its findings with other studies in order to acknowledge previous findings based on analysis of causal network. To this aim, thirty 5-6 year old children (mean age= 5 years and 6 months), thirty 9-10 year old children (mean age= 9 years and 6 months) and thirty 20-25 male adults (mean age=23 years and 8 months) participated in the study. These groups were encouraged to narrate two picture story books namely "Frog, Where are you?" and "Frog". Their stories were analyzed based on the causal network. The findings of the study showed a developmental progress in achieving narrative cohesion by means of establishing causal relations between narrative events. The results of the study indicated that compared with causal connectives, the causal network appears to be a more sensitive tool to reveal children’s development in maintaining cohesion.
    Keywords: Narrative discourse, coherence, causal relations, monolingual Persian-speaking children
  • Badri Sadat Seyyed Jalali, Azita Aabbassi * Pages 177-200
    Making “definitions” is perhaps the chief function of a monolingual dictionary, which can be performed in various styles depending on the purpose of dictionary and its users. One of the definition formulas in dictionary compiling is applying semantic relations. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to highlight the role of semantic relations in definitions. To this end, extracted definitions of Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary were analyzed based on the theoretical model of Casagrande and Hale (1967). Definitions in corpus of study were randomly selected, considering the point that they can cover diverse semantic fields. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate whether applying semantic relations would result in more efficient definitions, and also whether this would require different methods in lexicography. Exploring the list of thirteen relations in Casagrande and Hale (1967) showed that, due to meticulous boundaries among semantic relations, the mentioned model can be effectively implemented in complying thematic culture-oriented dictionaries. The results revealed that applying semantics relations is a common strategy in the definitions of Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary, but in majority of cases a combination of relations were appeared for a single entry. This research proposes a novel generation of thematic dictionaries, not the alphabetic ones, which can concentrate on cultural elements of a language, by applying semantic relations and providing word nets.
    Keywords: lexicography, definition, semantic relations, Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary
  • Bashir Jam * Pages 201-221
    In the earlier verities of Persian language including the Standard and Esfahani accents the vowel /a/ used to occur word-finally which changed to /e/ through time. Moreover, the synchronic occurrence of this process in other word positions is productive in the Esfahani accent which is regarded its well-known feature. However, presently the vowel /e/ optionally changes to [a] in the environment before the postposition “ra’’ in both accents, as well as in other environments in the pronunciation of middle- aged and older Esfahani speakers. This is an instance of synchronic rule inversion the primary reason of which is hypercorrection only in Esfahani accent. This research aimed at introducing and analyzing this type of optional rule inversion within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/ 2004). The optionality which is also known as free variation is analyzed using the free ranking approach which maps a single input onto two outputs.
    Keywords: rule inversion, hypercorrection, vowel raising, free variation, Esfahani accent
  • Najmeh Eslamipour, Mohammad Hossein Sharafzadeh * Pages 223-246
    In different languages, motion can be expressed through motion verbs that are encoded differently in languages. The aim of this research is to compare the motion verbs in both Persian and English languages from the cognitive and typological perspectives based on the theoretical framework of Talmy (2000b) regarding the verb - framed and satellite - framed languages. He (Ibid: 102) describes “satellite as the grammatical category of any constituent other than a noun phrase or prepositional - phrase complement that is in a sister relation to the verb root”. It can be a bound affix or a free word. According to Talmy (Ibid) the following can act as satellites in languages: 1- “English verb particles, 2- German separable and inseparable verb prefixes, 3- Latin or Russian verb prefixes, 4- Chinese verb complements, 5- Lahu non head versatile verbs, 6- Caddo incorporated nouns, 6- Atsugewi polysynthetic affixes around the verb root.” Levin (1993) classified the verbs in terms of motion, measure, avoid, color, communication, weather and etc. Ferez (2008) investigated the motion verbs in English and Spanish languages. This comparison showed similarities and differences between two languages. One of the similarities is that both languages have Path verbs. He also found that both languages have more Walking verbs than Running or Jumping verbs. One of the differences that was found was that path verb lexicon in Spanish is larger in size than English. In Iran, Azkia (2012) investigated motion in Persian language from the cognitive and typological approach. After collecting 435 motion verbs based on Talmy’s definition of motion events from “sokhan” and “moin” dictionaries, she analyzed them based on congnitive and typological framework. She also analayzed them under lexicalization pattern. She found that in Persian language, 3 forms of satellites, namely ‘Figure’, ‘Path’ and ‘Ground’, can be located beside the verb. She also drew the following diagram, while mentioning it is just a hypothesis and extensive research should be done to confirm it (Azkia, Ibid: 251): Figure > Path > Ground Afrashi and Hemmati (2016), Nateghi (2012), Mesgar khoyi (2013 & 2016) have worked on motion verbs and motion events too. Based on sorted corpus of Azkia (2012), 180 and a total of 360 motion verbs (Persian and English) were collected, checked and translated in the context of sentence using bilingual and monolingual dictionaries (Oxford, Aryanpur and Amid). Then they were compared in term of being verb-framed or satellite-framed, classification of semantic elements and the dominant satellite. Our research involved discussion and analysis of data collected about manner, path, ground and figure. We divided path into 5 parts in Persian that involved: 1- Satellite - framed specified path, in this kind of path, the path shows the exact path (e.g. so`ud kardan) 2- verb – framed specified path (e.g. afrāštan) 3- verb - framed unspecified path (e.g. āvardan) 4- satellite – framed unspecified path (e.g. tey kardan) and 5- satellite - verb framed specified path (e.g. bar afrāštan). Also we divided path into 3 parts in English language that involved: 1- Satellite - framed specified path (e.g. come out) 2- verb - framed specified path (e.g. crash) 3- verb - framed unspecified path (e.g. traverse). Manner in Persian language divided into two parts: 1- In satellite - framed verbs (e.g. pilipili kardan) 2- in verb - framed verbs (e.g. šalidan). In English it has two forms too: 1- In satellite - framed verbs (e.g. overturn) and in verb - framed verbs (e.g. dance). Figure and ground can be found in Persian language in the form of satellite-framed: 1- Figure in verbs like “šāne zadan” and ground in verbs like “havā kardan”. In English, figure can be seen in verb like “weight lift” and “iron” in the form of satellite - framed and verb - framed respectively, and ground is seen in the form of verb - framed in a verb like ”fly”. The prefixes and co - verbs mentioned here are examples of satellites in Persian language: 1- bāz / bar (bāz gaštan / bar gaštan): back / opposite 2- boland (boland kardan): upward 3- xārej (xārej šodan): outside 4- dāxel (daxel šodan): inside 5- nazdik (nazdik šodan): near, front 6- vāred (vāred šodan): inside The results showed that the Persian language, unlike English tends to be more satellite - framed. Manner and path are the dominant satellites in the Persian and English respectively. Finally, the semantic elements of Persian language are more satellite - framed than the English language. Each of these two languages has its own special classification toward Talmy’s theory. We can draw the satellites hierarchical diagram in both languages as follows: Persian language: Manner > specified Path > unspecified Path > Figure > Ground English language: specified Path > Manner / Figure
    Keywords: semantic element, motion verb, typology, satellite-framed, verb-framed
  • Mousa Ghonchepour * Pages 247-273
    In this article markedness is studied through the errors of one Persian Motor Transcortical and two Broca aphasias in production of simple and compound nouns comprising of ‘N+N’, ‘Adj+N’ and ‘N+verb stem’ with regard to optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993). The issue that language structures include two marked and unmarked values is called markedness. It is believed that the unmarked phones and structures are acquired before marked ones in language acquisition (Ulatowska, & Baker 1975; Jakobson, 1941). The markedness studies also show contrast between these groups of phonemes: voiceless and voiced consonants; liquids and non-liquids; back and front consonants; affricates versus stops and fricatives and oral versus nasal vowels. Since compounding is one of the most productive and common processes in Persian, it is necessary to study markedness in confrontation naming and repetition tasks of verbal and nonverbal compound nouns on the basis of phonological theories such as optimality theory to get some pieces of fresh evidence in order to reveal that markedness theory is true or false. Using the clinical data also gives us an opportunity to get a clear picture from phonological processes in speech production of Persian native speakers and add richness to former theories. The main purpose of this article is to study the markedness by using the description of the common error patterns to get the necessary evidence to evaluate the markednesss theory of Jakobson (1972). The study of aphasics' data tries to clarify whether markedness is extended as a general principle to language behavior of aphasic patients and whether aphasic patients' errors in confrontation naming and repetition tasks are in agreement with Jakobson (1972) or not. The comparison of Persian aphasic patients' competence and performance is another purpose used to clarify that what is the explanation of optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993) regarding markedness theory in Persian. One female and two male monolingual Persian-speaking aphasic patients participated in this study. Three normal men and women as a control group were matched to aphasic patients according to gender, age, educational degree, native language and handedness. Language stimuli of this study included 32 simple and 32 root (nonverbal) and synthetic (verbal) compound nouns. These nouns were the most frequent categories among different categories derived from PhD dissertations of Khabbaz (2007) and Ghonchepour (2014). Regarding frequency and length of stimuli, an effort was made to match the simple words to the compound nouns. To investigate the ability of patients to produce simple and compound nouns, picture confrontation naming and repetition tasks were designed and performed. 32 pictures of compound stimuli were intermixed with 32 pictures of simple nouns. The speech of patients was recorded while doing the tasks. In the repetition task, the same lexical stimuli pertaining to confrontation naming task were used and the patients were asked to repeat them after the examiner. Their performance was recorded and then errors were classified and analyzed based on phonological patterns of common disorders. Errors and phonological processes in confrontation naming and repetition of simple and compound nouns are analyzed on the basis of final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, stopping and onset voiced obstruent consonant patterns. Data analysis shows that the errors of these patients are phonemic and the insertion process is not observed in none of error patterns. The deletion and reduction processes take place in final clusters of word syllables while voicing process mostly happens in onset clusters of words. In other words, the *COMPLEX (coda), *CODA, MAX-IO and UNIFORMITY constraints of markedness and faithfulness show that the unmarked CV syllable structures are the most optimal output structures which are represented via the deletion of final consonant or the reduction of coda cluster obstruent consonants. The domination of ONSET (- voiced) obstruent over IDENT ONSET (voice) and IDENT- IO (voice) reveals that voiced obstruent consonants of onsets are the unmarked phonemes in comparison with voiceless ones. This issue is in agreement with Fromkin (1970), Lecours and Lhermitte (1969), green (1969) and Blumstein (1979) and is against Berlin, Lowe-Bell, Cullen, Thompson and Loovis (1973) and Jakobson (1972). Coronal phonemes in comparison with dorsal phonemes and stops against fricatives are unmarked which are respectively shown through *DORSAL and *FRICATIVE markedness constraints proving markedness theory of Jakobson (1972). The findings also show that the Persian Broca and Motor Transcortical aphasias mostly use onset voiced obstruent consonants in place of voiceless ones which is contrary to Jakobson (1972) and indicates that voiceless stops are more vulnerable than their voiced pairs. The findings also reveal that high vowels are the most unmarked ones among vowels and patients use them in place of mid or low vowels.
    Keywords: Markedness, markedness constraint, faithfulness constraint, compound noun, aphasia