مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال پنجاهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1398)

In order to evaluate and select drought tolerance genotypes in common bean and identify the best indices for drought tolerance, an experiment was conducted at research field University of Tehran in Karaj in 2015-2016 growing season. In this study, 102 common bean genotype were evaluated in an augment design under normal irrigated and drought stress (non-irrigation from flowering stage until the end of growing season) condition. Average values of grain yield and drought tolerance indexes and simple correlation coefficients of indexes with irrigation and dry farm yield showed that indices including MP, GMP and STI were the most suitable criteria for screening bean’s genotypes. In 3-dimensional graphs, referring to MP, STI, and GMP indexes and grain yield under dry farming and irrigation condition, 100,63,47,88 and 76 genotypes were identified as genotypes with high production and tolerant to intensive drought in A group. Actually these genotypes yielded most under both irrigation and dry farming conditions. Cluster analysis based on investigating indices and yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions showed that genotypes was grouped in three clusters and most of drought tolerant genotypes with high yield were grouped in third cluster, while most of sensitive genotypes to drought stress were grouped in the second cluster.

Conservation of production resources and sustainable agriculture is one of the principles desired by scientists at current period, and intercropping that sustains the production factors and resources can foster the future of agricultural production. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran during the growing season of 2014-2015. The intercropping system was a replacement type. The proposed cultivars were fodder sorghum (Pegah cultivar) and corn (ksc600). Replacement treatments factors included pure maize cultivation, 75% corn + 25% sorghum, 50% corn + 50% sorghum, 75% corn sorghum + 25% corn and pure sorghum culture. The results showed that the Planting pattern of single cropping sorghum, 75% sorghum + 25% corn and 50% sorghum + 50% corn with 61, 60 and 45 t/ ha yield, respectively, produced greatest sorghum forage yield., and in corn, the single cropping of corn, 75% corn + 25% sorghum and 50% corn + 50% sorghum had the highest grain yield with 8.7, 8.6 and 8.4 t/ ha yield, respectively, but decreased the number of plants per hectare does not follow yield reduction and the yield (gram per plant) reveals this share.

In order to evaluate freezing tolerance of some clover species as well as planting date and acclimation period effects on plant tolerance, an experiment was conducted in 2012-13 in Faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in completely Randomized Design with factorial arrangement and four replications. Experimental factors included two planting dates (late September and late October), four clover species (red clover T. pratense, white clover T. repense, Persian clover T. resupinatum (autumn species) and crimson clover T. incarnatum (spring spieces) and eight freezing temperatures (0 (control), -3, -6, -9, -12, -15, -18, -21ºC). Electrolyte leakage percentage of leaf and crown was measured and used to determine lethal temperature for 50% of plants (LT50el(l) and LT50el(c) for leaf and crown, respectively). Results indicated that interaction of planting dates, species and freezing temperatures on electrolyte leakage of leaf was significant in a way that a lower mean of this parameter was observed in autumn species in first planting date compared to the second planting date but the reverse was found in spring species. Decreasing temperature to less than -12 and -15 ˚C resulted in an increase in electrolyte leakage of crown in red and Persian clovers, and white and crimson clovers, respectively). The least LT50el(l) in first planting date was found in red and Persian species and the highest in crimson species while in the second planting date, the lowest mean was observed in Persian and crimson and the highest in red species.

In order to evaluate the intercropping of Sweet corn and Okra affected by vermicompost and ‎urea fertilizer a field experiment was conducted at research field of Tarbiat Modares ‎University during 2015 spring and summer. In this research effect of‏ ‏five mixing ratio‏ ‏of ‎sweet corn/okra including: 100:0 (sweet corn monoculture), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 ‎‎(okra monoculture) and two nutrition systems consisted of chemical (urea) and organic ‎‎(vermicompost) were investigated with factorial arrangement of treatments based on ‎randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that factors ‎interaction on the number of desirable ear, sweet corn yield and okra seed yield were ‎significant (P≤ 0.01). Also mixing ratio effect on sweet corn 100 kernel weight (P≤ 0.05), okra ‎‎1000 kernel weight and the number of fruits square meter (P≤ 0.01) was significant. ‎According to mean comparisons the highest sweet corn yields (9614.58 kg.ha-1) and okra ‎‎(2848.65 kg.ha-1) was obtained in their monoculture receiving the chemical fertilizer. The ‎highest LER‏ ‏‎(2.10) was obtained in 50:50 treatment under vermicompost nutrition system ‎followed by 75:25 under same nutrition system (LER=1.93). Also competition index ‎evaluation in the different treatment confirmed the rating of superior treatments.‎

Innovative strategies are needed to improve water and nitrogen use efficiencies in sandy soils. The objectives of this study were to quantify the amount of nitrate leaching losses under conventional and integrated nutrient management of canola and wheat. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete-block design, with three replications. Fertilization treatments including: urea (CF), urea + zeolite (CF-Z), urea + composted manure (IF), urea + composted manure + zeolite (IF-Z) and control (CK). The maximum water deep percolation was occurred after irrigation in November and May. The average of annual nitrate leaching losses for CF, CF-Z, IF, IF-Z and CK were 53.64, 41.21, 33.16, 25.59 and 9.23 kg.ha-1, respectively. The maximum and minimum annual nitrate leaching factor were achieved with the CF (47%) and IF-Z (10%) treatments, respectively. Annual nitrate leaching losses and annual nitrate leaching factor showed positive and significant correlations with the amount of water inputs in the months. The IF-Z fertilizer treatment produced the highest grain yield for canola (3661.5 kg.ha-1) and wheat (4058.9 kg.ha-1). The results showed that application of manure compost and zeolite could be a useful methods for decreasing chemical fertilizer application rates and improving the sustainability of agricultural systems.

The Cultivation of medicinal plants such as Lamiaceae family increasing throughout the world significantly. Peppermint consider as an important species in this family which it’s important is due to menthol in essential oil. In this study the physiological and biochemical responses of peppermint investigated under different levels of irrigation including 100 (as control), 75, 50 and 25 % field capacity (FC) in CRD design with three replications in research greenhouse of Agronomy Department of University of Tehran in 2013. The results of Anova indicated that, irrigation levels had high significant effect (P≤0.01) on H2O2, MDA, CAT, APX, GPX and SOD. While, the effect of irrigation levels was not considerable on soluble sugar content. The highest content of soluble sugar and soluble protein were observed at 50 and 75 % FC, respectively. The highest H2O2 and MDA (59.63 and 16.25 µmol/g) observed at 25% FC with significant difference in respect to other treatments. The highest activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT, APX and GPX detected at 50 % FC and reduced with increasing of drought stress up to 25 % FC. The activity of SOD increased with increasing of the drought stress and reaching it to maximum amount at 25 % FC. These results suggest that peppermint is a sensitive plant and cannot increase its capacity against drought stress.

In order to evaluate of nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic characteristics of winter wheat to rate, time and method of nitrogen application, this study was carried out in the field of Payaam Nour Arak University in Markazi province in 2011. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Factors were included 1- time of nitrogen application (T1= 50% of nitrogen in sowing date + 50% of nitrogen in tillering stage, T2= 50% of nitrogen in tillering stage + 50% of nitrogen in stem elongation, T3= 50% of nitrogen in stem elongation + 50% of nitrogen in heading stage), 2- rate of nitrogen application (R1= 150 kg ha-1 urea, R2= 300 kg ha-1 urea) and 3- method of nitrogen application (M1= mix with soil, M2= using by irrigation, M3= foliar application). Each plot consisted of 4 rows, 5 m long. Results indicated that the using time affected on the characteristics such as: stem height, peduncle and spike length, number of spike per m-2, number of grain per m-2, spike biological yield, economical yield of spike, and nitrogen use efficiency significantly. The effect of nitrogen rate was significant on stem height, peduncle and spike length, number of grain per m-2, spike biological yield and nitrogen use efficiency, too. Results indicated that the nitrogen use efficiency was significantly higher than of other treatments in foliar application of urea fertilizer (150.4 %) and using nitrogen by irrigation (14.07 %).

Effect of four levels of biochar (0, 25, 50 and 75 ton ha-1) produced from wheat straw and three levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50 % of crop water requirement) on growth and yield of faba bean was determined in completely randomized design in the greenhouse. The result showed that after faba bean reached maturity, the maximum plant height and leaf area index obtained in 25 ton ha-1 biochar treatment. Also, maximum faba bean yield was also obtained in 25 ton ha-1 biochar. The result of irrigation regimes treatments showed that the crop height and leaf area index decreased by application of deficit irrigation. Faba bean growth and yield were also significantly declined under deficit irrigation. Therefore, it can be concluded that application of biochar (as a soil amendment) in low levels may have a positive effect on crop yield and its components. Further, under biochar application of 25 ton ha-1, the use of deficit irrigation in 75% of crop water requirement is recommended as it did not cause any significant decline in crop yield.

Field experiment was carried out as split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017, to evaluate physiological and morphological performance and oil yield of coriander, in response to water limitation and foliar application of zinc. Treatments were four levels of water supply (irrigation after 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan) and three levels of zinc foliar application (control (foliar application of water), foliar application of zinc with 3 g ZnSo4/L (Zn1) and foliar application of zinc with 6 g ZnSo4/L (Zn2)).Irrigation and foliar application treatments were allocated to main and sub plots, respectively. Decreasing water availability resulted in decreasing leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content. However, proline content of leaves enhanced under limited irrigation conditions. Mean leaf chlorophyll content significantly enhanced by exogenous spray of zinc with 6 g ZnSo4/L, compared with control. Decreasing water supply led to reduction in plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant and grain yield. Foliar application of zinc with 6 g ZnSo4/L caused significant increase in plant height and grain yield. Oil percentage in the grains of coriander increased as a result of water deficit, but grain oil yield decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. Oil yield significantly enhanced by foliar application of zinc with 6 g ZnSo4/L. There was no significant difference between 3 and 6 g ZnSo4/L foliar application of zinc.This would become more important under conditions where water availability is limited.

Varamin is a migratory region due to its close proximity to Tehran's metropolis. This trend has led to increase population and land use change. Conversely, having favorable physiographic conditions and favorable water and soil potential, this region has a high capacity for agricultural development. In this study, the ecological capability were evaluated using Iran's agricultural and rangeland applications model. First, a specific model based on Iran's agricultural and rangeland applications model, for regional studies has been prepared. Then, various maps of elevation, gradient, geographic directions, soil, vegetation type and vegetation density of the studied area prepared in ArcGIS 10.4 software and then the maps integrated into final plan of the environmental units with 863 units. In the last step, with comparison of applications requirement with properties of units optimal usage of each unit was determined. The results showed that from the total area of the region, 33.12% were suitable for agriculture with grade of 3; 0.45 percent with grade of 5; 0.19 percent for range management with grade of 1; 0.54 percent with grade of 2; 9.42 percent with grade of 3 and 54.93 percent were suitable for protection (1.35% of the area were allocated to settlements).

In order to study of seed priming hormone in the field an experiment was conducted factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Shahroud in 2016. Experimental factor were including hormone priming (control, Gibberellin hormone, Cytokinin hormone), Accelerated aging (0, 10, 15 day) and cultivar (260 and 704). First the seeds in order to create different vigors under accelerated aging test were placed(Temperature 40°C and humidity 90%) and then by150 micromol hormones cytokinin and gibberellin in 25 C treatment and in the farm were cultivated. Characteristics measured in farm including leaf area index, relative water content, chlorophyll index, biological yield, grain yield, rows per ear, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Results comparison indicate accelerated aging reduces the measured characteristics and seed priming with cytokinin and gibberellins had a significant effect on the characteristics studied.So that the grain yield with treatment gibberellins and cytokinin hormones respectively was (4968.05 kg.ha) and (4082.03 kg.ha).The result showed that seed deterioration was reduced in studied characteristics and seed priming befor planting on the farm by hormones effective on quatitive and qualitative characteristics.

Improving rice cooking and eating properties is one of the most important goals in rice breeding programs. Having enough knowledge around genetic diversity for selecting suitable parents is necessary for these goals. In this study, 53 Iranian and foreign rice genotypes were studied in terms of grain qualitative properties including length, width, length to width ratio, amylose content, gelatinization temperature and pasting properties, as well as five genes and 20 microsatellite markers related to rice grain physicochemical traits. According to the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were divided into three groups. Nine of native rice genotypes, as well as 14 foreign genotypes were in intermediate amylose group with pasting properties in the range of genotypes with good cooking and eating quality and 13 improved Iranian cultivars and eight foreign genotypes were in high amylose group. Also, the results of the molecular analysis indicated, microsatellite markers and used genes can be able to distinguish Iranian and foreign genotypes and also distinguish genotypes according to their grain quality partly. The results indicated a significant variation among genotypes according to grain quality and genomic regions associated with these traits, which can be used for improving these traits in breeding programs.

In order to replace the chemical inputs with ecological compatible inputs, an experiment was conducted on split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Research Station of Bayakola during two years (2016 and 2017). Experimental treatments were plant nutrition with NPK, animal manure, compost, vermicompost and control (no chemical and organic fertilizer) as main plot and biophosphate, nitroxin, nitroxin + bio-phosphate, nano biumik and control (no bio and nano bio-fertilizer) as subplot. Interactions of organic and inorganic, bio and nano bio-fertilizer treatments and nutritional systems (direct, cumulative and residual) on all studied traits were significant (P≤0.01). In all three nutritional systems the highest amounts of leaf and grain nitrogen concentration, copper, manganese, zinc, iron and calcium elements concentration of leaves, leaves dry weight, grain yield and essential oil perecentage and yield, were obtained in vermicompost in combination with nano biumik fertilizers, the highest amounts of leaf and grain phosphorus and potassium concentration were obtained from combining animal manure with nano biumik fertilizers and the maximum amount of leaf magnesium was obtained from the combination of compost and nano biumik treatments. There was no significant difference between fertilization systemes. Therefore, with respect to the production of medicinal plants in the low-input cropping systems, using a load of combinations of organic (especially vermicompost) and nano biumik fertilizers for two consecutive years are recommended for improving elements concentration, seed yield and essential oil percentage and yield of datura.

In this study, the biplot method, was used to evaluate interrelationships among different traits in coriander. F1 Progenies derived from Diallel crosses among six coriander landraces were evaluated in three different irrigation conditions through randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of college of agricultural during growing season of 2016. Results demonstrated that there was a significant positive association between fruit yield and fertile umbel number per plant, thousand fruit weight, fruit number per plant and relative water content in all of three irrigation conditions. Due to the negative correlation between phonological traits with fruit yield in all irrigation conditions, it could be concluded that to gain genotypes with high fruit yield selection for early ripening genotypes should be done in coriander. In this study, a significant correlation was observed between fruit yield and chlorophyll content, relative water content and cell membrane stability in both mild stress and intense stress conditions. Therefore, these traits can be used as physiological indices to evaluate drought tolerance in coriander. Also, results of biplot indicated that among studied genotypes, G16 was the most appropriate genotype for fruit yield and yield related traits.

Terminal heat stress is one of the most important environmental factors threatening wheat production in Iran and all across the world. In order to study the effectiveness of canopy temperature and Relative water content in screening wheat lines for heat tolerant, ten wheat genotypes were evaluated in three separate randomized complete block design experiments in two years (2015-16 and 2016-17) under non- stress and heat stress conditions at Gonbad and Atrak research stations. Heat stress was applied through three methods including late sowing, plastic greenhouse and field temperature. Canopy temperature, relative water content and grain yield of genotypes were measured. All genotypes showed significant reductions in grain yield under heat stress. Based on grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions, yield loss percentage and Fisher and Maurer susceptibility index, Kauz, Shiroudi and N-92-7 were shown to be tolerant, while Bam and Verinak susceptible to heat stress. Although both canopy temperature and relative water content had a significant correlation with grain yield under heat stress, canopy temperature was significantly different between tolerant and sensitive genotypes, indicating its higher efficiency in screening for heat tolerance.