نشریه سیاست های راهبردی و کلان
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1398)

Due to economic, technological and cultural changes home businesses has been considered as a low-cost way to provide sustainable livelihoods. A home business is a continuous activity including the production or distribution of goods or services, which is carried out in the home, and generally for the purpose of earning. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of home business in Iran, the United Kingdom and India; In addition, this research provides solutions for improving the environment of home business with focus on Iran. In this study, the similarities, differences and characteristics of the home businesses, as well as the context in which they grow have been compared.This research has used a comparative-descriptive approach, the existing statistics, information method, and policy analysis. We have sought which have followed to understand the Effective factors influencing the sustainability and success of home businesses. Finally, based on This research, although some of the solutions for the success of these businesses are related to the overall business environment, can improve working conditions Along with access to different markets by doing some measures such as creating access to information, education, social networks and Financing, which are specific to these businesses.

Sensitivity and persistent conflicts in the Middle East region, has caused until a significant contribution from GDP in this countries to be allocated to the defense sector. Accordingly, the main purpose of this paper is to estimation the demand function of defense spending in 13 Middle East countries during the years of 1995-2014. For this purpose, designed a general model of defense spending for these countries and System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) in dynamic panel data form is used in order to estimation it. The model estimation results show that non-defense spending (as the opportunity cost of defense spending) and the trade balance have a negative effect on the defense burden in Middle East countries. Population, at significantly lower levels than other variables, has a positive effect on the defense burden in Middle East countries; that show defense is a public good. Variables of per capita income, the contribution of armed forces personnel of the total workforce and the lag of defense burden, as expected, have a positive impact on the defense burden in Middle East countries. The average burden defense in Middle East countries has a positive effect on the defense burden in Middle East countries that show an arms race between these countries. Also, the dummy variable of oil-exporting countries and democracy net variable, respectively, have been positive and negative effects on the defense burden in Middle East countries.

A clear road map as a tool to achieve the social, economic and cultural goals is important and valuable for all nations. Such a road map shows various priorities and expresses main issues of a nation in order to develop the financial and social matters. The main purpose of this paper is to do a empirical comparison of main economic policies in Islamic Republic of Iran and Russian Federation. To this end, I employ an analytical-qualitative method to discover the results. These two countries as two anti-West nations have faced with different economic sanctions, shaping similarities in their economic priorities and leading us to study the Russian economic planning in details. Furthermore, their regional political and economic cooperation leads us to know the Russian economic road maps, helping us to go to reach a better cooperation level. The findings of this research will be useful for Iranian policy makers and economic scholars.

In line with Section 2-77 of the Science, Technology and Innovation Division of the Sixth Development Plan Act, the purpose of the present article is to classify different perspectives on the localization of knowledge in the field of humanities (with emphasis on psychology) and the feasibility of indigenous knowledge production and production in the Positivism and post Positivism paradigm. Therefore, the viewpoints of different thinkers on localization were analyzed and deduced by the analytical documentary method. The findings show that localization at the four levels of the introduction of new science into the host community through mere translation initiated Scientific research in the host community, translation of scientific concepts according to the cultural and social environment of the Cup Host, and finally a critical reflection on indigenous concepts and theories, and constructivism and theorizing are indispensable, and consequently, localization implies the use of scientifically accepted principles to solve the problems of the host community and in the production of indigenous knowledge that, on the one hand, approaches Philosophical and scientific on the other hand is in line with the Iranian Islamic worldview, the highest level being considered, translation initiation; the process of localization in this classification has a hierarchical path that leads from complete knowledge to the production of indigenous knowledge. Appropriate attention is required to each of these levels, with emphasis on the fourth level.

The business environment is one of the effective factors that affecting the performance of businesses which managers or business owners are not able to change or improve them. The purpose of this study is to recognize a comprehensive understanding of the importance of indicators for improving the business environment and assessing their performance in housing investment, which is one of the most important economic sectors in Iran. The method of research and collecting of data is the survey and analytically based on a validated questionnaire, which distributed between mass-builders of Mazandaran province who have a university degree in civil, architecture and other related fields of construction. For statistical analysis, the Importance-Performance analysis model (IPA) has been used. The results of this study show that among the ten indicators of the business environment, three indicators: Getting credit, protecting investors, and Dealing with construction permits are the most important factors affecting the investment of the housing sector, and Getting electricity (Access to infrastructure services) also has the highest performance in this field.

The labor market is one of four major markets in the economy which is important because of its special feature. In the present study long-term effects of various macroeconomic shocks on the unemployment rate during the years 1974-2016 has been investigated using the Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). On the basis of the estimated equation, real wages have a direct relationship with productivity and employment and an indirect relationship with the unemployment rate. Impulse response analysis showed that among the shocks, productivity and supply shocks have a larger impact on unemployment, so that productivity shocks in the long run reduces the unemployment rate and the positive supply shock leads to a higher unemployment. According to the results of analyzing unemployment prediction error variance, labor supply shock, productivity and labor demand are important factors in long-term unemployment. But the most important factor in unemployment is the supply shocks that this share increases over time.

In this research, had Analysis the effect of five macroeconomic variables including exchange rate, gross domestic product, prices of agriculture, agricultural investment and money supply on agricultural goods exports. In the present study, using Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) and the Johansen method and during period 65-1393. The results show that agricultural goods exports variable has a positive and significant effect with exchange rate variable, relative prices variable, money supply variable. And it has a negative and significant effect on agriculture investment. There is also a one-way causal relationship between the exchange rate and agricultural exports and the supply of money and agricultural exports, too. In addition, ECM show if agricultural exports are an imbalance, it will balance with decline a quarter in a year. To determine the relationship between variables in the long run used Johansson method. The vectors are convergent. The results of this study suggest that economic authorities try to reform the exchange rate and eliminate the official rate and free rate deviation arbitrarily. That is the best way to establish the stability of the currency and, consequently, long-term export stability. To do this, you have to lead the production of cash and money to produce and boost market capitalization.

In recent decades the public face of poverty alternative hidden face of Iran's economy. The growth-oriented government in Iran, as the richest decision maker, sees the fight against poverty as its most important socio-economic objective. Government spending is the most important means for achieving intermediate goals such as improving education, health, and economic growth for tackling poverty. Among the different levels of poverty, what is more important in developing countries is absolute poverty. The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of government spending and human capital on urban poverty in Iran. For this purpose, by analyzing the factors affecting poverty and applying the Markov switching method, the research hypotheses were tested during the period 1985-2014. The results show that urban poverty has two high and low poverty regimes. The probability of staying in a low poverty regime is higher than the probability of staying in high poverty regime. Also, the results show that human capital and the ratio of education expenditures to total government expenditures have had a significant negative effect on the absolute urban poverty index. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that the share of government education expenditures be increased to reduce urban poverty.