فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1398)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1398/04/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • افرا غریب پور* صفحات 5-20
    حرفه معماری و به تبع آن آموزش معماری فرایندی است که به شدت متاثر از عوامل فرهنگی هر سرزمین است. از آنجا که دوره پایه طراحی معماری بخش مهمی از دوره آموزش را در بر می گیرد نقش مهمی در شکل گیری شخصیت دانشجویان و رویکرد ایشان در رابطه با معماری و موضوعات مرتبط با آن از جمله فرهنگ دارد. در این مقاله از یک سو با مقایسه برنامه های دوره پایه طراحی در سه دانشگاه اصلی کشور سرفصل های آموزش پایه جمع بندی شده است و از سوی دیگر به روش دلفی مولفه های فرهنگ و موضوعات تاثیرگذار بر معماری در حوزه مولفه های فرهنگی تدوین شده است. در مرحله نهایی به روش دلفی و استنتاج منطقی، امکان توجه به مولفه های فرهنگی در سرفصل های مختلف دوره پایه ارزیابی شده است. این بررسی نشان می دهد در چارچوب آموزش فعلی نیز با لحاظ موضوعات فرهنگی مرتبط با معماری در سرفصل های آموزش پایه امکان توجه به مولفه های فرهنگی وجود دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش معماری، آموزش پایه طراحی، کارشناسی معماری، فرهنگ، مولفه های فرهنگ
  • آزاده پورتزک، سید حسین بحرینی*، محمد نقی زاده صفحات 21-36

    سرعت در قالب فناوری های مدرن اخیر، به تغییرات گسترده، شتابان و غیرمنطیق بر بستر اجتماعی-کالبدی شهرها دامن زده است. هدف کلان و نظری این نوشتار، بررسی ابعاد گوناگون سرعت، برقراری ارتباط دوسویه میان مفاهیم سرعت و ساختار شهر از طریق استخراج و دسته بندی اعصار چندگانه سرعت در مقیاس جهانی و ایران، و مقایسه تحلیلی-انطباقی آنها میباشد. هدف خرد و عملیاتی موضوع، بدست آوردن محورهای چندحرکتی-چندسرعتی تاثیرگذار بر شکل دهی به ساختار شهر شیراز است. بدین ترتیب با بکارگیری روش چیدمان فضا و معیار ارزش همپیوندی در ساختار شهر شیراز در چهار عصر سرعت بدست آمده؛ همچنین بررسی تفصیلی عصر حاضر در قالب تحلیل زیرساختهای فیزیکی، مجازی و شیوه های گوناگون سفر، به پراکندگی و تعدد محورهای عمدتا شرقی-غربی، چندحرکتی-چندسرعتی با تمرکز بیشتر در بافت میانه شهر شیراز پی برده شده است. بر این اساس با پیوستگی و پخشایش متعادل محورهای بدست آمده، دستیابی به ساختار شهری منسجم میسر میشود.

    کلیدواژگان: سرعت، فناوری های مدرن، چیدمان فضا، محورهای چندحرکتی-چندسرعتی، ساختار شهر شیراز
  • اسماعیل شیعه، کیومرث حبیبی، مهران احسانی* صفحات 37-50
    ارزیابی و پایش برنامه های مدیریت خطرپذیری از شاخص های مدیریت هوشمند شهری است. در این تحقیق ضمن تاکید بر الزامات شهر هوشمند، به نقش کلیدی مدیریت هوشمند در پشتیبانی از تصمیم گیری برای پیشگیری، آمادگی و کاهش خطرپذیری کالبدی یک شهر برای زمین لرزه اشاره می گردد. روش مطالعه از نوع کتابخانه ای و شامل گردآوری اطلاعات و سوابق موضوع، غربالگری، دسته بندی و تحلیل توصیفی می باشد. بدین منظور از مفهوم پشتیبان تصمیم گیری هوشمند استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد با اعمال مدیریت هوشمند و به کارگیری فنآوری های نوین میزان مخاطرات زمین لرزه کاهش می یابد. شیوه های سنتی از انعطاف پذیری، خوداصلاحی و تطابق پذیری لازم برای مواجهه کارآمد با زمین لرزه برخوردار نیستند. کارآمدی الگوی مدیریت هوشمند از طریق مداخله در نظام برنامه ریزی کالبدی شهر مستلزم بهره مندی از سامانه های هوشمند اطلاع رسانی وقوع زمین لرزه و پایش زیرساخت های شهر است که می توان با طراحی سامانه ای، میزان مداخله پذیری مدیریت شهری را به صورت هوشمندانه در یک شهر و قبل از وقوع زمین لرزه تعیین نمود.
    کلیدواژگان: مدیریت هوشمند، برنامه ریزی کالبدی، شهر هوشمند، زمین لرزه، تصمیم گیری هوشمند
  • ریحانه خرم رویی*، امین ماهان، احمد علی فرزین صفحات 51-62

    منظر پدیده ای عینی-ذهنی است که در پی فهم انسان از محیط شکل گرفته و در بستر تاریخ و زمان اشکال مختلف به خود می گیرد. در این میان گاه منظر با مفاهیم هویت بخشی همچون فرهنگ و آیین عجین شده و جلوه های عینی و ذهنی ویژه ای را با توجه به موقعیت-های مکانی خاص، بوجود آورده است. از این رو این مقاله سعی دارد تا با واکاوی مفاهیم منظر و آیین و بازشناسی مفهوم منظر آیینی، جلوه های ظهور آن در ایران را شناسایی نماید. روش تحقیق این مقاله، از نوع کیفی است و ترکیبی از روش تحقیق تحلیلی-توصیفی و استنادی بکار برده شده است. بر این اساس با استفاده از روش کتابخانه ای و بهره گیری از منابع معتبر نوشتاری، طیف گسترده ای از منابع مرتبط با منظر و آیین مطالعه گردید و با بررسی تطبیقی، به شیوه استنباطی و استنتاجی به تحلیل مصادیق ارائه شده از منظر آیینی و وجوه آن پرداخته شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: منظر، منظر فرهنگی، منظر آیینی، عینیت، ذهنیت
  • سید رحمان اقبالی، حسین معز، پیام بهرامی، عبدالله بقایی دائمی* صفحات 63-80
    رفتارشناسی باد در اطراف ساختمان های بلند به عنوان یکی از مباحث بسیار مهم در طراحی معماری و طراحی سازه شناخته می شود. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی تکنیک های آئرودینامیکی و بهینه سازی فرم در ساختمان های بلند برای کاهش نیروی پسا بود.برای شبیه سازی دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی و تونل باد از نرم افزار Autodesk Flow Design 2014 بهره گیری شد. این شبیه سازی بر روی 29 مدل ساختمانی که با تکنیک های آئرودینامیکی طراحی شده بودند انجام شد. تکنیک های آئرودینامیکی به دو صورت اصلاحات آئرودینامیکی شامل پخ زدن، نرم کردن و دندانه دار کردن و همین طور فرم های آئرودینامیکی نیز شامل مخروطی، عقب نشینی و پیچشی بودند که بر روی اشکال با سطح مقطع مربع، مثلث و دایره مدل سازی شدند. یافته ها نشان داد برای طراحی ساختمان های حدود 150 متر، شکل پایه مثلث با اصلاح آئرودینامیکی پخ خورده و با فرم آئرودینامیکی مخروطی می تواند دارای کمترین میزان ضریب پسا و همین طور بهترین رفتار آئرودینامیکی را در برابر نیروی باد داشته باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: شبیه سازی تونل باد، بهینه سازی آئرودینامیک، شکل ساختمانهای بلند، ضریب پسا، نیروی باد
  • سیده زیبا عقیلی*، ناصر بنیادی صفحات 81-92

    ترک ساکنین بومی و اصلی محله های تاریخی و قدیمی شهر و جایگزینی مهاجرین با سطح درآمد پایین پیامدهایی چون شکل گیری کانونهای بزهکاری، بحران هویت، توسعه افقی شهر، ایجاد شهرک های پیرامونی و حومه ای، مشکل تامین زیرساخت ها را به دنبال دارد. بنابراین ضرورت دارد در تقابل دو رویکرد جایگزینی اقشار اجتماعی و ماندگاری آنها مطلوبترین رویکرد بازسازی بکار گرفته شود. این پژوهش برآن است که این مسئله را در محله اوچدکان اردبیل بررسی کند. ار نظر روشناسی بر اساس ماهیت پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و بر اساس هدف از نوع توصیفی - موردی و علی است. در گرداوری داده ها از روش اسنادی و مشاهدات میدانی و در تجریه تحلیل داده ها از روش t تک نمونه ای و آمار توصیفی استفاده شده است. از نتایج پژوهش می توان به ساخت اجتماعی و ساخت اقتصادی همگن در محله، کم بودن شکاف اجاره املاک و شکاف قیمت املاک در محله اشاره نمود

    کلیدواژگان: باز زنده سازی، بافت کهن، جایگزینی اقشار اجتماعی، ماندگاری ساکنین، محله اوچدکان
  • لیلا آرام، کاوه بذرافکن* صفحات 93-106

    تطبیق نیازهای متنوع کارکردی از طریق سازماندهی متناسب متغیرهای آن به ساختار فضایی صورت می گیرد که لازمه ی آن، درکی مفهومی از تاثیر دستگاه فضایی بر دستگاه رفتاری مرتبط با آن است. این نوشتار با بهره گیری از روش های کمی، توصیفی و از طریق پیمایش رفتارهای فضایی و با استفاده از مدل روند طراحی گونه ی آرمانی تلاش کرده تا بتواند وضعیت نحو فضای بینابین را مطالعه کند تا امکان افزایش آزادی تصرف کاربران در فضا را فراهم کند. نحوه ی برداشت های میدانی از طریق مشاهده ی مستقیم جهت نگاشت نسبت فعالیت های اختیاری و الزامی در فضاهای بینابین کتابخانه های ملی و دانشگاه تهران است. دستاوردهای این پژوهش به راهبردهایی سه گانه برای طراحی فضاهای بینابین در کتابخانه ها منجر شده است. محور یکم، همجواری فضاهای بینابین باز با فضاهایی با تراکم رفتاری زیاد، محور دوم، افزایش مقیاس فضایی و میدان دید در طراحی فضاهای بینابین بسته و محور سوم، بخشیدن رفتارهای فضایی جانبی و رویدادپذیر کردن آن ها.

    کلیدواژگان: نظام فضا- رفتار، برنامه ی کارکردی، لذت، کتابخانه ی ملی، کتابخانه ی دانشگاه تهران
  • مرجان خان محمدی* صفحات 107-120

    با توجه به این که محیط، بستر شکل گیری بسیاری از ویژگی های رفتاری است. توجه و تد قیق د ر ویژگی های محیطی فضاهای آموزشی د ر راستای ارتقاءء آموزش امری ضروری می نماید . لذا بر همین مبنا این پژوهش باهد ف ارتقاء سرزند گی د انشجویان و پاسخ به سوال چیستی و چگونگی عوامل تاثیرگذار د ر کیفیت سرزند گی محیط آموزشی، نخست این عوامل را با توجه به نظر صاحب نظران این حوزه و تحلیل اسناد و مد ارک موجود بررسی و سپس از طریق پرسش نامه و مشاهد ات مید انی به میزان تاثیرگذاری مولفه های سرزند گی د ر حوزه های کالبد ی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و زیست محیطی د ر نمونه «شهرک د انشگاهی امیرکبیر اراک» با استفاد هاز روش کمی معاد لات ساختاری و نرم افزار لیزرل می پرد ازد ؛ و د رنتیجه با تبیین و تعیین مد ل سرزند گی د انشجویان اقد امات ضروری د ر ارتقاء کیفیت سرزند گی را بر اساس اولویت و میزان تاثیرگذاری هر یک از مولفه ها پیشنهاد می کند .

    کلیدواژگان: محیط طبیعی، محیط مصنوع، محیط آموزشی، سرزند گی، آموزش
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  • Afra Gharibpour * Pages 5-20
    Architectural profession and education are procedures deeply based on cultural circumstances in a country. In Iran, one of the major goals of architectural education must be educating architects who know their country and culture well, and are able to do architecture based on cultural and local acquaintances. Architectural Basic Design Education consisting of some courses, lasts just for three semesters, but has a very fundamental role in training architecture students based on cultural and local acquaintances. Accordingly, educating students in relation to their culture, must be conducted in a way that the graduated young architects can solve the regional-vernacular problems of their country and can design generously in the cultural context. Thus, the significant question of this research is that the current basic design curriculum in schools of architecture of Iran to what extent have the capacity of considering the elements of culture and how it is possible to design programs considering the cultural subjects in the context of the current curriculum. This investigation is conducted in two main steps; the first step consists of investigating the curriculum of Basic Design Education in the undergraduate studies of architecture in Iran. Although all architectural schools in Iran follow the undergraduate program of architecture, approbated by High Council of Programing in Ministry of Science and Higher Educations, The main schools have the opportunity to do some changes in their programs. Therefore, the curricula of Basic Design education in three main schools of architecture of Iran are selected to be studied; University of Tehran (consisting of two separate curricula in two Ateliers, 5 and 6), Shahid Beheshti University, and Iran University of Science and Technology. This investigation shows up four different syllabi for basic design studies which are mostly so similar. Comparing these syllabi determines twelve main subjects for basic design education which has been concerned as the main subjects for current research. The second step is dedicated to studying the definition of ‘culture’, and the components of culture based on ideas and notions of cultural theoreticians in Iran. According to this study, Iranian culture has three major components which are ‘world-view and believes’, ‘history’ and ‘geography’. Each of these three components of Iranian culture consists of different subjects which can impact architecture. So, to do architecture in correspondence with cultural context, it is necessary to be familiar with these factors in the field of each cultural element. In final part, the syllabi of Basic Design Education is revised based on the practical detailed syllabi of culture which is determined according to the cultural subjects relevant to architecture. This revision is deducted through the Delphi method, questioning eight professors of Basic Design studios. The result shows that almost in all twelve syllabi of Basic Design Education, potential for considering the cultural components and the relevant subjects exist. Amongst Basic Design syllabi, some have higher capacity for considering cultural subjects. Thus by a precise editing of projects in Basic Design courses, architectural education can be formed more closely to the cultural fundamentals.
    Keywords: architectural education, basic design syllabus, undergraduate studies of architecture, Culture, components of culture
  • Azadeh Pourtazak, Seyed Hossein Bahreiny *, Mohammad Naghizade Pages 21-36

    Speed as a matter of mobility lies at the core of the modernity. It overcomes the physical distances by various modes of transportation, and is able to distribute data and information through telecommunication tools. Generally, the challenge created by speed is its sudden and hasty effect in a physical or even virtual environment which can lead to non conformities and a kind of disruption in present function of the system and would be harmful to the new agent, the environment itself or other users of it. So the pervasive impact of speed in changing communities and the human settlements is revealed. In detailed point of view, the study of variety of technological tools and the plurality of physical infrastructures in Shiraz urban structure shows the emergence of multiple speeds that led to the complexity, extension and dispersion of the city. Therefore, this amount of change in a short period of time caused a serious problem especially in measurement and evaluation of the city's structure. On this basis, the goal of this article is to gain a comprehensive view of speed, furthermore achieving an interrelationship between speed and urban structure is considered. This is investigated and analyzed through four speed ages extracted in both global and national scale. The objectives would be obtaining the urban corridors in the structure of Shiraz city in four speed ages which has the highest potential of mobility and this is coinciding with the definition of speed extracted in the epochs mentioned before. The proof of this claim is performed through space syntax analysis and its most practical criterion which is called the integration value. Moreover, in order to carry out a comprehensive and detailed investigation of speed in the present age, the study of different modes of transportation comprised of bus corridors, special taxi corridors and metro stations is done. Also the network analysis in physical context which has been done through space syntax, is applied. Besides, the virtual infrastructure of two main telephone portables in Iranian networks including Irancell and MCI coverage is studied. The overlapping of the above maps results the multi mobility-multi speed corridors in the structure of Shiraz which is comprised of a wide range of speed between minimum and maximum rate in the categories of natural speed, mechanical speed and virtual speed. These corridors achieve their multi functional characteristics through a historical and evolutionary process. The aforementioned corridors are the main streets ending to the five entrances of Shiraz city, number of corridors agglomerated in central part of city, and many east-west corridors versus few north-south corridors scattered in different city directions. As a result, in order to make a coherent and integrated structure, it is important to consider proper distribution of corridors in the north-south direction along with east-west direction also making an appropriate connection between these directions is suggested. The augmentation and reinforcement of south and east corridors together with north and west, also strengthening and emphasizing on the corridors connected to the peripheral settlements is recommended.

    Keywords: Speed, Modern Technologies, Space Syntax, Multi Mobility-Multi Speed corridors, the Structure of Shiraz City
  • Esmail Shieh, Kiumars Habibi, Mehran Ehsani * Pages 37-50
    Abstract Quantitative and qualitative Assessment and monitoring of risk managed planning and crisis management and their examining their effectiveness reveals need for intelligent urban management in terms of physical planning, especially management of natural disasters such as earthquake. Study of strong earthquakes happening in large urban areas that highlight positive effect of crisis management explicitly indicate an intelligent management model with regard to urban physical planning. Present modern cities with a large extent of complexity and intertwined network of connection under the umbrella of high-tech information technology as well as electronic technologies require a revision of traditional approaches together with creative intelligent management. This study not only emphasizes the necessity for the requirements of intelligent cities, including employing digital information systems versus analogue information and inevitability of updating as well as integrating urban physical data, but also elaborates the key role of intelligent management in supporting any kind of decision making in order to prevent, prepare for, and mitigate risk associated with physical fabric in a city in the event of earthquakes. The methodology employed in this study includes literature review, including gathering information and history of the field, screening of this information, and ultimately its categorization as well as descriptive analysis. To this end, theoretical fundamentals of intelligent decision support are taken into consideration. The results show that by employing intelligent management through incorporating physical planning along with modern technology into urban infrastructures, hazards of earthquakes can be mitigated. Using this management approach in urban physical planning is necessary due to rapid expansion of cities. Furthermore, other approaches lack flexibility, self correction, and adaptation required effectively and efficiently to cope with seismic crises. Efficiency of intelligent urban managing model through intervention in physical planning requires benefitting smart seismic-alarm systems and monitoring vital urban infrastructures, where the extent of intervention in urban management within urban physical fabric can be determined in an intelligent fashion and prior to occurrence of earthquakes. The application of intelligent management within the framework of physical planning is an efficient and excellent way of preventing, preparing, coping and relief and rebuilding a city against earthquake crises. Because using the concept of urban intelligent management, decision making for earthquake interventions to confront the earthquake has self-improvement capabilities, flexibility and adaptation to urban variable needs. In this model, an assessment of various urban criteria is undertaken to prevent, prepare and reduce the risk to earthquakes. An analysis of the relationship between physical planning and urban land use and the communication and infrastructure network with the degree of earthquake vulnerability is considered as one of the intelligent management policies in reducing vulnerability. So that any crisis decision, requires intelligent arrangements to support the continuous monitoring of indicators and self-improvement, supporting a variety of methods, replacing indices and creating productivity (flexibility) and supporting Establish future studies and adaptation at all times (adaptability), in order to finally identify the effective variables in the city's vulnerability and create the integrity between intelligent management of efficiency for prevention and preparedness against earthquakes.
    Keywords: Intelligent management, physical planning, intelligent city, earthquake, intelligent decision making
  • Reihaneh Khorramrouei *, Amin Mahan, Ahmad Ali Farzin Pages 51-62

    The landscape is an objective-minded phenomenon that is shaped by the human understanding of the environment and takes on different forms in the context of history and time. In the meantime, the paradigm has been created with concepts of identity, such as culture and religion, and created a specific objective and mental effects with respect to particular spatial situations. The core of the cultural landscape is seen by three elements of the environment, time, and man. The two-way relationship between each of these factors leads to the creation of a new element. Human beings reminisce over time and shape history. A factor that has been one of the main cornerstones of culture in human life and human history (requiring space to remain in time).The presence of human beings in the environment and its experience will lead to the formation of space, a place where human presence is meaningful, and the agent that creates the dimension of memory and creation of the mind in the landscape.Rites are a symbolic social show that appears under certain conditions in the community, and it is up to the people of the community to act in that particular way. Rites in all human societies are sacred acts That members of the community feel committed and committed to doing so. The ritualistic aspect is part of a cultural perspective that reflects the customs, ceremonies, religions and religious rituals. Ceremonies such as the Nowruz ceremony in Iran, the celebration of cherry blossoms in Japan, the celebration of watering in Thailand, cheesecloth in the UK, and many others are nature-shaped ceremonies, rooted in respect for natural elements. The ritualistic view as a subset of the perspective and as an important part of the cultural landscape is considered to be the reaction of society to its spiritual needs.The ritualistic view as a subset of the landscape and culture has the same characteristics of both. According to the definitions given in the ritual section, the ritualistic aspect is initially formed in the context of nature; Because nature, the bed and the creator of the elements constitute the ritual. Nature is the context in which man and history are formed, and their interaction with nature leads to the creation of culture and religion. Perhaps the strongest link in the nature and customs of the people can be found in ritual and sacred centers. From the past, living near human nature has been very important to humans Therefore, this paper tries to identify the effects of its appearance in Iran by examining the concepts of the landscape and the ritual and the recognition of the ritualistic concept. The research methodology of this paper is of a qualitative type and combines an analytical-descriptive and citation research method.Based on this, using a library method and using authoritative sources, a wide range of sources related to the landscape and religion was studied. By comparative study, inferential and inference method was used to analyze the cases presented in the ritualistic viewpoint And its aspects have been addressed.

    Keywords: Landscape, cultural landscape, Ritual landscape, subjective, objective
  • Abdollah Baghaei Daemei *, Seyed Rahman Eghbali, Hossein Moez, Payam Bahrami Pages 63-80
    Aerodynamic behavior is an important characteristic of tall and ductile buildings, so aerodynamic design can play a key role in reducing the wind effects. A tall building response to wind can be controlled by application of aerodynamic improvements to building’s design in order to manipulate the wind flow pattern and break the effective wind force acting on the structure. Traditionally the approach of structural engineers to mitigating wind loading and associated deflections and motions on tall buildings was to stiffen the building with the aim of increasing the natural frequency. Tall buildings are extremely sensitive to the wind. Thus, assessment of wind loads to design these buildings is essential. Monitoring the wind, which is forcing extraordinary tall buildings, is highly challenging. Due to increasing construction in recent decades, the study on wind flow over tall buildings has become a popular subject in theoretical research and applied engineering applications. By looking at recent constructions in Iran, it is obvious that despite the fact that constructing tall buildings is spreading, there is less concentration on environmental factors such as the wind’s aerodynamic. In tall buildings, aerodynamic behavior generally becomes important. The wind-induced building response of tall buildings can be reduced by means of aerodynamic from design and modifications that change the flow pattern around the building or break up the wind affecting the building face. Aerodynamic-based design can be divided into two types, “aerodynamic architectural design” and “aerodynamic architectural modifications” and their subgroups. The accurate estimation of the critical response parameters, such as top floor accelerations and displacements, is of fundamental importance when ensuring reliable designs of tall buildings. Methods to this end are typically set in a modal analysis framework and therefore require the estimation of the generalized forcing functions. Tall buildings are particularly prone to dynamic excitations such as those from natural disas
    Keywords: Wind tunnel simulation, Aerodynamic optimization, Shape of tall buildings, Drag coefficient, Wind forces
  • Seyyedeh Ziba Aghili *, Naser Bonyadi Pages 81-92

    As the local and original residents of historical neighborhoods of a city leaves the districts and they are replaced by low-income migrants, many problems are observed in the city. The most important of these problems are including development of criminal centers, identity crisis, horizontal development of city, creation of periphery and suburb towns, and challenges in infrastructure development. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the best restructuring strategy to the two conflict approaches of Gentrification and Persisting residents. The problem can be observed in the old historic neighborhood of Ochdokan, Ardabil. The Ochdokan is one of the six old urban neighborhoods of Ardabil. There are some valuable and important historical monuments in the neighborhood. The residents of the neighborhood are unsatisfied because of its location, excessive crowd in daytime, physical outwearing environment, inefficient urban networks, unsuitable landuses, and incompetent structure to meets daily needs. The nonsatisfaction leads the residents to leave the area. The objective of this research is to address the problem in Ochdokan, Ardabil, Iran. This is an applied research in nature of the study. In terms of purpose, this study is a causal and descriptive-analytical investigation. We have used descriptive methods and field observations to gather data. The inferential statistic T test and descriptive statistics have also been applied for analysis of the data. The real estate rent gap theory of Neil Smith is one of the most important theories about the substitution of social classes as the gentrification approach. The Marxist theorists explain the gentrification process using the real estate rent gap hypothesis. The value gap hypothesis was also outlined by Hament and Randolf. When the value gap between non-accommodated houses and reformed occupied house is the maximum, the gentrification process is occurred. Lee’s humanism individualistic view is another gentrification approach in which the discussions mainly emphasize on the cultural preferences and demographic traits of the grandee and fulsome individuals.The results of the criteria and the indices of the approach for the Ochdokan have indicated that high level of literacy and social income as well as absence of eminent practitioners in the locality are representative of homogenous economic and job structure in the neighborhood. In other words, not only the social structure of the neighborhood is homogenous, but it is also homogenous for economic structure. Negligible presence of non-aboriginal residents as lessee in the area show low value of rent gap and also value gap for the neighborhood. Therefore, the stages of leaving, release, and substitution of the non-aboriginal migrant groups should occur as the initial necessity for the gentrification process via market forces. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the residents, provide them with investment opportunities and improve the physical condition.analysis of the data for the first hypothesis by SPSS has indicated that the hypothesis is significant (Alpha < 0.05). So the hull hypothesis is rejected. According to the results of this research, with a 95% of confidence, it can be concluded that applying the gentrification had unsuitable impacts upon the revitalization of the Ochdokan.

    Keywords: revitalization, Ancient tissue, Gentrification, Persisting residents, Ouchdokan Neighborhood
  • Leila Aram, Kaveh Bazrafkan * Pages 93-106

    Designing seems to be based on acceptance of minimal programs and proportion of functional levels or as the common discourse calls it »physical plan«, serves as the focal point of its for-mation, and the quantitative proportion of level to individual plays an important role in its de-sign and evaluation. Meanwhile, interpretations of the quality of the space, experience and event concerning the conventional and standard quantities can not be seen, something which seems to be a result of reductive and simplistic outlooks in line with modernist currents and incomplete education of the concepts of this current and dissemination of the tendency toward an international style. The present article intends to develop a post-modern framework for an outlook toward func-tion in designing and show that a transition has occurred from functionalism to programming which accepts a fuzzy spectrum of necessity, freedom and pleasure. In this situation the de-signer comes across a problem whereby he (she) has to prepare a lot of options and make some decisions in order to meet a variety range of the needs of his (her) audience, however, the de-signer’s technical know-how is not often sufficient for analyzing the reality and future predic-tion and eventually organization of the human systems. In order to change the program into the design, the designer has to make some orientation and options in programming. The de-signer is faced with the variables of the problem, their significance as well as acceptance of the changing situation and growing variables on one hand, and human’s behavior, quality and life style on the other. This complication aggravates when the audience or user of the space plays an active role against the author of the space or the architect, hence a confrontation and chal-lenge take place. Explanation of the term »environmental design« which contains the behav-ior- space system refers to the inseparable aspects of biological and non-biological human sys-tems. The objective is to prepare the ground for the synergy of these two systems toward a proper system of correlated variables in the designed space. Taking advantage of indirect measurement and using the model of ideal type of design, this article tries to study the situation of in between space syntax so that users would take more freedom and pleasure in the space through categorization, registration and mapping of the proportion of optional and necessary activities in the spaces of National Library and Library of the University of Tehran. According to the studies and analysis of the data extracted from ob-servations, the results of the research reveal that the proposed mechanism of designing the in between spaces at libraries toward rendering a better function includes: 1. Prediction of the open in between spaces at a place with most adjacency to other functions, since the more con-tradictory or indifferent the relations between functions are, the more effective they would be. 2. Design of the closed in between space so that it enjoys a high visibility along with a high spatial scale. 3. Provision of subsidiary function to in between spaces.

    Keywords: space-behavior system, functional program, pleasure, National Library, Library of Tehran University
  • Marjan Khanmohammadi * Pages 107-120


    One of the main components in designing education setting is vitality and cheer, because the lack of vitality in this setting helps to increase abnormal behaviors. Access to such aspects, involves qualitative and quantitate improvement of environment. Environment is a bed for formation of many behavioral aspects. On the one hand, many feelings, habits, tastes, and even the manner of viewpoints and behaviors are affected by environment. On the other hand with the same reason, many of knowledgeable people, define environment as a university that each person according to his fields and talents can learn many things from it, and is affected by it.
    The importance of educational spaces and the observance of its principles and standards in the design of these centers lead to the creation of an environment commensurate with the psychological demands of the students and, as a result, the community. The root of every student's interest in learning in school and being in an educational environment is formed in a defined space, but also in an uneven environment with expectations of the individual, the sense of repulsion and lack of interest in learning can be formed too.
    Shaping and arrangement of classes, color, light, educational facilities, internal decorations, and etc., are effective in education quality and increasing the interest of students. Considering the essential role of education in the process of shaping the culture of society, it is necessary to pay attention to the importance of the process of education to create a favorable environment that would create enthusiasm and motivation for the student-learner learning process. Since humans interact with each other and their environmental resources, pattern of learners- centered can shape the extract of educational systems in today and next world. It is believed that new approaches involve movement, teamwork, dynamics, and vitality. Despite the importance and value of the environment and its impact on different aspects of behavior, it has rarely been addressed fundamentally. Although this area has long been the subject of attention by some of the architectural and psychological theorists.
    Although theories of the built environment often have a weak link with reality, and many in the intellectual perspectives, a general understanding of the complexities of life and the capabilities of the environment patterns are built to cater for human needs. Therefore, for this study, aimed to promote the vitality of students, and to answer the questions of what and how factors affect the quality of life in the educational environment, firstly these factors according to the opinion of experts in the field and analysis of existing documents were considered, secondly from thorough questionnaire and field observations, the effect of vitality components in the physical, social, cultural and environmental domains in the sample of "AmirKabir Arak University campus" was presented using the quantitative method of structural equations and Liserl software. As a result, by explaining the students' vitality model, it proposes the necessary measures to improve the quality of vitality based on the priority and extent of the impact of each of the components

    Keywords: Natural environment, Artificial environment, Educational setting, Vitality