International Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain prevention
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter 2019

are injuries in the musculoskeletal system which is also named as “repetitive motion injury”or “repetitive stress injury” or “overuse injury” [1]. These disorders are the most prevalent and costly injuries which effect on suffered people’ life. As MSDs are multifactorial injuries, implementing a multidimensional musculoskeletal health program may be effective [2]. MSDs can arise from a sudden exertion due to lifting a heavy object [3], arising from repetitive strain, from repeated exposure to force, vibration, or awkward posture [4]. MSDs can affect many different parts of the body including shoulders and extremities (arms, legs, feet, and hands) neck, and upper and lower back [5]. Carpal tunnel syndrome, back pain, tension neck syndrome, tendinitis , hand-arm vibration syndrome and epicondylitis, are types of MSDs [4].The development of Musculoskeletal Disorders: When a worker is exposed to MSD risk factors, they begin to fatigue which may outruns his/ her body’s recovery system that in turn may be resulted in musculoskeletal imbalance And finally over time, leading to musculoskeletal imbalance persists MSDs develop [6] MSDs can arise from the interaction of physical risk factors with ergonomic risk factors such as biomechanical load, heavy loads, repetitive motions or from static positions, repetitive heavy loading [7-8] , Individual factors like gender and obesity [8-9], psychological factors such as workplace stressors, high job demands, low social support, overall job strain or job dissatisfaction [10-14] .However, social, and occupational factors such as workplace design, standing, twisting or tension in the body, posture during work repeated motion, or forces needed to perform actions on the job and vibration exposure [4,15-16]. These risk factors can be broken up into two categories: workrelated risk factors as ergonomic risk factors and individual-related risk factors. Thus, the basic cause of MSDs is exposure to MSD risk factors – both work-related risk factors and individual-related risk factors should be considered in controlling MSDs [17].

One of unhealthy behaviours that can be leading to musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in students is keeping inappropriate posture of the vertebra column, posture of sitting on bench or behind computer, and also improper carrying of backpacks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the status of musculoskeletal pains and disorders of female students in the schools of izeh ,Ahvaze , Iran. In this descriptive-analytical study, 146 female students from two schools at this city were selected through simple random sampling. In order to evaluate musculoskeletal discomforts and pains, a Nordic Musculiskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used and a also body map was used to determine the location of pain. Data analysis was performed, using SPSS software. totally, 146 female students were examined. According the results, the majority of the students felt pain in their back ( 27.40%) and shoulder (26.03%) respectively. However, least rate of feeling torment was related with elbow (5.48%). Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) are clearly seen in female students . This study recommended doing more studies regarding the causes of these disorders . Furthermore, designing appropriate clinical/ educational intervention regarding keeping right posture of vertebra column is garanteed.

Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in people over 50 years old. This study aims to investigate the status of preventive behaviors against arthritis in middle-aged women in order to take a small step in promoting the health of women in the community. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 325 women aged 29-59 years referring to health centers in Birjand in 2017Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that covered demographics and preventive behaviours items , entered into SPSS-19 and analyzed using mean and frequency distribution tests. Totally 325 women with mean age of 39.1 ± 8.4 years were studied. The majority of all women, were married and housewives (87% and 69.5% respectively). A total of 57% of the women did preventive behavior against arthritis. Furthermore, 30% of the women had regular tensile and warm-up exercise, 42% had moderate consumption of vegetables, 71% kept proper sitting posture, 60% rested after heavy work, 61% used proper flooring at home, and finally 21% moved objects in a correct manner. According to the findings of this study, A significant proportion of women did not have favorable performance in regarding preventive behaviors of arthritis. Therefore it is suggested that in educational centers, educational classes be held to improve the behaviors of women towards arthritis prevention.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are the main cause of occupational disorders and  disabilities in the developing countries. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of  the MSDs in steel Industry workers using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), and  its relationship with the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) results.  The present research was a descriptive-analytic study conducted  on the Iranian steel industry in 2018. A total of 17 workstations were randomly selected and  NMQ was used to explore the prevalence of the symptoms of Work-related Musculoskeletal  Disorders (WMSDs). Afterwards, the workers’ postures were assessed via RULA. Finally,  the results were analyzed in SPSS 22 through the chi-square test, independent t-test, and  analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. This study showed the significant relationship between the results from the  Nordic assessment of the back, knee, and neck within the past 12 months and profession type  (p<0.05). However, the final assessment scores, corrective measures priority, and Nordic  assessments of the back, neck, and knee of the workers showed no significant relationship  with work experience (p>0.05). The findings of this study revealed that in order to considerably reduce the  musculoskeletal disorders in the steel industry workers, immediate measures must be taken  to correct the back and neck postures especially in the scrap shear operators, welders, ingot  shear operators, electrical technician, tower operator, and guillotine operators.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are of concern in health problem with highest  prevalence and are one of the causes of occupational disability in Medical care professions  (MCPs). This study aimed to describe the rate of MSDs among MCPs who working in  Lorestan  hospitals, Iran. Using a convenience sampling in this descriptive study, 100  MCPs from two hospitals of Azna and Aligodarz of Lorestan province were selected.  Data collected through a demographic questionnaire by which the questions regarding  different MSDs were asked. Date were entered into SPSS 21 and  analysed using descriptive  analysis. Totally, 100 MCPs took part in the study and responded to the questions  (responded rate 100%). Back pain and neck pain were the most common area of  participants’ complains respectively. Eighty seven participants (88%) of the MCPs stated  they did not follow any pain treatment or pain management. Furthermore, the majority of  the participants (N=64, 64%) of the participants believed that stress has not significant  associate with their pain. However, thirty six participants (36%) stated that their pain  has been worsening with increased stress.  This study revealed that the majority of the studied MCPs suffered from a  kind if MSDs without any pain treatment/ management work up.   Therefore, dong more  studied to confirm these results in this special target group working in these hospitals  and to explore the causes of pain is strongly recommended.

Osteoporosis is a well-known public health problem that can be prevented, but it can lead to patients’ disability and imposes a high financial burden on individuals and the community. Osteoporosis is a disease in which lifestyle play an important role in it’s’ prevention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational intervention on osteoporosis prevention among women over 40 years old referred to the Iranian Rheumatism Center.   The present study is a semi-experimental research, in which 67 women were selected convenience sampling method and non-random assignment. The training program was designed based on literature review and need assessment and implement by lecture and responded to the participants’ questions. Data were collected by a questionnaire which was completed before the intervention and one month after the intervention and analyzed through descrivetive/ analytical Spss16 tests. Totally 67 eligible women took part in the study and completed the questionnaire. After intervention, there were significant improved knowledge (P = 0.001), physical activity (P = 0.022), calcium consumption (P = 0.001), exposure time in sunlight (P = 0.035). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two groups. 94.1% of the hand and face were exposed to sunlight before the intervention, but after intervention 45% of the legs and trunk were exposed to sunlight. This study showed that educational program, could increase the preventive behaviors of osteoporosis in women and help reduce musculoskeletal pain in them.