نشریه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1398)

In order to investigate the effects of drought stress and silica spraying on some physiological characteristics of canola, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of Behbahan University in 2016-2017. In the present study, the effect of concentrations of 0 (S0) and 30 (S1) mM potassium silicate under normal irrigation conditions (irrigation after %25 of available water discharges) and drought stress conditions (irrigation after %75 of available water discharges) on four canola cultivars including Hayola 401, Agamax, Jacamo and Jerry was performed in flowering period in split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Based on the results, photosynthetic index, photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b significantly decreased under drought stress conditions. According to the mean comparison table for silica spray application, the difference in chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was significant compared to non-spray application. The amount of chlorophyll index in drought stress increased compared to normal irrigation conditions due to lower leaf area in drought stress conditions. According to the results, because the Hyola 401 and Agamix cultivars had better conditions for physiological traits compared to the Jacamau and Jerry cultivars, it is suggested that they should be used in areas of the country where faced with water stresses.

A research has been conducted in research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in spring 2016 to investigate the effect of Sulfur and Thiobacillus on yield and some of physiological traits in common bean cultivars in experimental water deficit stress conditions as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. In this study investigated three varieties of beans cultivars (Dorsa, Akhtar and Sadri), four levels of fertilizer (control, 300 kg / ha sulfur fertilizer, Thiobacillus and sulfur fertilizer + Thiobacillus) and water deficit stress (control, irrigation cut off at flowering and full legume time). Results revealed that water deficit especially irrigation cut off at flowering reduced harvest index, yield, RWC and increased Stomata resistance. The application of Thiobacillus and sulfur decreased the negative effects of stress. Chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid increased maturity stress that the increase in the presence of sulfur + Thiobacillus more. There was negative correlation between yield and harvest index with stomatal resistance. The conclusion indicated that the application of sulfur + Thiobacillus could be beneficial in increasing yield and Contributing to the sustained activity of photosynthetic pigments under water deficit stress condition.

Deterioration of seeds is an important factor to reduce seeds vigor and limit germination. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of gibberellic acid hormone on recovery of seeds and improvement of quality and seedling growth in Varamin cotton seed, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized way in three replications. Treatments included: two levels of deterioration (48 and 96 hours) plus control, Gibberellic acid solution with two concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm plus control and the time to apply hormone treatment in three ways (before deterioration, after deterioration, before and after deterioration). The results showed that in non- deterioration treatments, in the concentration of 500 ppm, the peroxidase, carotenoid, and electrical conductivity ratios had the best conditions and at 1000 ppm, catalase and chlorophyll a and b had the best results. In primitive applications before deterioration at a concentration of 500 ppm, the electrical conductivity was the best and at concentration of 1000 ppm, catalase, peroxidase, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids were at the highest levels. In primer applications after the deterioration, at concentration of 500 ppm, electrical conductivity was in better conditions and had better conditions at 1000 ppm, catalase, peroxidase, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids. In the priming test before and after deterioration, at a concentration of 500 ppm, electrical conductivity has the best results. At 1000 ppm concentration, catalase, peroxidase, chlorophyll a and b and carotenes had the best value. In general, the use of gibberellic acid has led to retrieve and improved seeds are deteriorated.

Peanut is one of the important legume crops and its grain rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement, Hence, in order to evaluate the effects of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and their application methods on yield and some physiological traits in peanut, a field experiment carried out in 2016 cropping season as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Rasht), Iran. Nano chelate fertilizers including of Zn, Ca and Zn + Ca as main plots, the application methods of nano chelate fertilizers such as in soil, foliar spraying, integrated methods of Nano chelate fertilizers application along with no utility of fertilizers (as check) as sub plots, were comprised experimental treatments. The results showed that the effects of nano chelate fertilizers and their application methods interaction effects between them were significant for all physiological measured characteristics. Also, the highest seed yield (3070 kg/ha), biological yield (7386 kg/ha), fruit (pod) yield (4545 kg/ha) and peanut hull production (1548 kg/ha) was observed as affected by simultaneously usage of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers, integrated method of the in soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield (9235 and 2345 kg/ha, respectively) was observed under simultaneously usage of Zn and Ca chelate nono fertilizers and integrated method of in soil and foliar spraying application of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers. Based on results of this experiment, the application of Ca nano chelate fertilizer could improve peanut reproductive growth and Zn deficiency during reproductive growth caused to enhance hollow pod numbers due to photosynthetic capability increment in peanut plants.

In order to investigate the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescence of plant growth stimulus on yield and yield components of rapeseed under salinity stress, this experiment was a split-factorial split plot based on a complete randomized design with three replications in 97-96 in a research greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture And natural resources of Kermanshah Razi University. Salt stress was considered as the main factor in four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM) and cultivars (Akapi, Madona and Licord) as the first sub-factor and Pseudomonas bacteria in three levels: P13, P14 and (P15) The results showed that salinity significantly reduced the traits of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight and grain yield, relative content Leaf water and total chlorophyll content, but did not have a significant effect on oil content, and growth stimulating bacteria with growth stimulating properties increased the studied traits. The results of the comparison Yangin data showed that the bacteria used in this study increased the studied traits, and the Pseudomonas fluorescens P14 strain had the highest effect (three to five percent, respectively), with respect to the mean comparison Data were obtained from licord cultivars with the highest plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield and oil percent. In general, it can be stated that the use of growth stimulating bacteria The title of a biofertilizer is important for decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers and reducing environmental pollution and can be used as a simple and economical way to increase Lkrd considered rape under salt stress.

Considering the importance of organic fertilizers application and the necessity of minimizing the use of inorganic fertilizers, this experiment was conducted in order to study the possibility of replacing vermicompost and poultry manure instead of chemical fertilizers in the production of two improved chickpea cultivars under dryland conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial arrangement with randomized complete block design in three replications. The first factor was fertilizer with 6 levels including: F1 (control or without fertilizer), F2 (conventional chemical fertilizer or NPK), F3 (10 t/ha vermicompost), F4 (5 t/ha poultry manure), F5 (50% NPK+5 t/ha vermicompost), F6 (50% NPK+2.5 t/ha poultry manure) and the second factor was cultivar including Azad and Adel chickpea cultivars. The effect of fertilizer factor on the secondary branches number/plant, canopy temperature, pods number/plant, seed yield and biological yield was significant and the effect of cultivar factor on the plant height, the lowest pod height, SPAD index, 100-seed weight, seed and biological yields and harvest index was significant. The highest rates of seed yield and pods number/plant (1410 kg/ha and 42 pods/plant respectively) were recorded in F4 treatment (5 t/ha poultry manure) which were 24 and 32% higher than those of control treatment respectively. The means of secondary branches number/plant, pods number/plant, seed and biologic yield in four treatments containing organic fertilizers (F3, F4, F5 & F6) were higher than those of the inorganic fertilizer and the control treatments. Comparison of the two chickpea cultivars indicated that Azad cultivar showed a significant superiority for the most traits in comparison with Adel cultivar, and its seed yield was 13% higher than that of Adel cultivar. Regarding the improvement of chickpea growth and yield in organic fertilizer treatments, which in most cases had better results than the inorganic fertilizer these organic fertilizers can be considered as suitable alternatives for common chemical fertilizers in chickpea production under dryland conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of different treatments of  intercropping sugarcane with two types of legumes on some quantitative and qualitative propertys of sugarcane, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and four replications in two locations in Ahvaz, Iran in 2016-2017. The treatments included: Pure Sugarcane, Pure Soybean, Pure Cowpea, Pure Soybean +Rhizobium, Pure Cowpea+Rhizobium, Pure Sugarcane+Mycorrhizal, Intercropping Sugarcane with Cowpea, Intercropping Sugarcane with Soybean, Intercropping Sugarcane with Cowpea+Rhizobium, Intercropping Sugarcane with Soybean + Rhizobium, Intercropping Sugarcane+Mycorrhiza and Cowpea, Intercropping Sugarcane+Mycorrhiza and Soybean, Intercropping Sugarcane+Mycorrhiza and Soybean + Rhizobium and Intercropping Sugarcane+Mycorrhiza and Cowpea+Rhizobium. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the highest harvest index for cane yield (93.81 %) and sugar yield (7.34 %), purity (87.28 %), white sugar percentage (11.73 %), and maximum nitrogen (2.56 %), phosphorus (0.26 %), potassium (1.91 %) in the lamina, and moisture content (83.82 %) in the leaf sheath of sugarcane in treatment of intercropping sugarcane (inoculated with fungi) with cowpea (inoculated with bacteria) and the best LER in treatment of intercropping sugarcane with cowpea were obtained. These results showed that mycorrhiza symbiosis was positive in sugarcane, and when mycorrhiza fungi and cowpea were present simultaneously in a treatment, their synergistic effect on the harvest index of cane yield and harvest index of sugar yield and also qualitative propertys in sugarcane were positive.

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of drought stress and clinoptilolite on the yield and forage quality of silage corn hybrids. The experiment was arranged in a three-replicated split-spilt plot based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three irrigation regimes including optimum irrigation, moderate and severe drought stress (irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from standard class A evaporation pan, respectively) as main plots, two levels of clinoptilolite (0, 10 kg.ha-1) as sub plots and three hybrids of silage corn (KSC704, KSC705 and KSC720) as sub sub-plot. Study was conducted at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran during 2013. Results of this study indicated that forage yield in mild (45133 kg/ha) and severe drought stress (38148 kg/ha) compared to normal irrigation regimes (56954 kg ha-1) decreased by 21% and 33%, respectively. Moreover, application of clinoptilolite resulted in 14% more forage yield (P<0.01). Forage quality parameters including water soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber increased and total ash, total digestible nutrition reduced when there was moderate and severe drought stress imposition Application of clinoptilolite only increased total ash and had no significant effect on the rest of forage quality parameters. In this study, KSC704 hybrid produced highest forage yield (52030 kg.ha-1). Moreover, KSC705 had lowest acid detergent fiber content and neutrals detergent fiber content, highest dry matter intake and total digestible nutrition. Effects of irrigation regime and hybrid interaction on water-soluble carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber of were significant at P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively.