فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 34 (صیف 2019)

The beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, if it is engaging and encouraging. So the first scene of the story can play a huge role in encouraging the reader and communicating with the text; because the beginning of the story is the bridge between the novelist and the reader. This research intends to examine the beginning of the novel based on its initial scene and it focuses on the techniques that the novelist used in the beginning of his novel. Although research on the beginning of the novel has had a prominent place in contemporary research on the novel, this field requires more effort to show the importance of the novel's beginning and to pay attention to its constitutive elements. The beginning of the novel “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” has special potentials that draw our attention to it. The importance of this research is that it attempts to pay attention to the beginning of the story and its elements and examine the extent of connection of novel's beginning with the novel itself as an interconnected system and a text in the structural perspective. Therefore, this study deals with the first scene of the novel and draws attention to the relationship between the novel and its beginning. The results of this study show that the narrator has used techniques in this novel that those techniques have overcome on the modern novel and he has put the characters at tipping point of his attention to show a world full of contradictions. The narrator uses a polyphonic technique in this novel to avoid the traditional monotony.

A symbol as one of the artistic imageries connects the artist's mind and his unconscious mind with the realities of the universe. The symbol is widely used in literary texts. In the children's literature, despite the simple mindset of the audience and the lack of comprehension of complex interpretations, the need for artistic use of familiar symbols to convey abstract concepts is necessary. Among the symbols, the natural symbols are widely used in the children's literature. Therefore, poet and author create some symbols out of elements of nature, such as the mountains, plains, and sea … so that children easily comprehend intangible concepts. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the natural phenomena in the poetry of Sulaiman al-Issa (1921-2013), a children’s poet of Syria and indicate the poet's purposes of using natural symbols in his poetry. The results indicated that the symbols were in line with the poet's ideals, that is, the creation of hope and raising the motivation of efforts in children and adolescents to achieve ethnic desires. The poet tried to pay attention to the goals of the Palestinian children and defamiliarize the face of some popular symbols to make them popular and change the attitude of children towards these creatures.

The imagination creates a vast field in the mind of the storyteller which leads to his creativity and artistic expression. the main theme of horror stories is imagination. Malakoot (1961) by Bahram Sadeghi of these novels is the element of imagination in it has a special place. Sadeghi is working on this work to use fear of unknowns and nightmares as well as creating a sense of hatred and panic among the characters in the story, the excitement of the reader increases. this research is based on descriptive-analytic method and by referring to the system of imagination of the Gilbert Durand in search of the discovery of the symbols of fantasy in this work. results show that extensive presence of death and summoning jinn and evil characters throughout the Malakoot's novel, it shows that fear of time a superior position in this work. this is in the negative context of the story and consequently, highlighting the Regime daytime of imaginary (90%) has a lot of work. highlights of imagination in this work respectively: Nycotomorphes (50%), Theriomorphes (25%) and Catamorphes (15%).

Structuralism is one of the critical and linguistic methods which deal with analyzing literary texts in different levels including phonetics, tone, and semantic aspect of odes and poetic figures to achieve meaning and to seek their structural signs. In fact, structuralism is the poet’s method to build linguistic material. The present study deals with analysis of structural features in the ode “Malhamat Alsomood” in the poem of Samir Al-omri who is a resistance poet of Palestine. The study is firstly conducted through a structuralism method followed by applying an analitico-descriptive method with the aim to capture some samples of structural aspects from the mentioned ode as well as revealing the poet’s aim from their usage. While using these structural aspects, a poet attempts to increase the aesthetic features and effects of his ode  Finally, the paper has reached to the conclusion that the poet has intended to express his suppressed emotions and feelings related to the subject matter of Palestine to picture the subject of Palestine as a general humanistic subject. Among the most important structural manifestations analyzed herein, we can refer to vocal and rhythm levels, combination and semantic levels and poetic forms.

Plato is one of the three great philosopher in classical Greece. The human being and his problems are the main concerns in his works. Then, the major efforts in his philosophical essays is paying attention to the human issues like ethics, justice, love etc. . . . Since past, Plato’s written works, due to their ethical and idealistic point of view, has drawn the attention of western and eastern philosophers and his ideas has been welcomed by Muslim philosophers and even Islamic mysticism has been influenced by Plato’s ideas. One of the concepts he has addressed is love. Plato has paid attention to the concept of love in three works called Phaedrus, the Republic, and in Special Way of Symposium. The Symposium is a narrative of the six Athenian’s dialect (including Socrates) about love that Plato is narrating. In the present study, we tried to investigate the concept of love in the Ozri love-seeker poet's book, Jamil bin Muammar, with an analytical and comparative approach based on the opinions expressed in Symposium and in a Particular Way according to Socrates opinions. In other words this study is a comparative investigation between viewpoint of Plato as a cultured philosopher and Jamil bin Muammar as a poet who has been lived in an Islamic society and has been purified by Islamic morality. Therefor, the study aims to discovering the common points and ideas in the Symposium and poems of Jamil. What has come out of this investigation is that some aspects of the opinions presented in Symposium, especially Socrates opinions are seen in the lyrics of Jamil Bin Muammar and his view of love. We see these aspects in the cores of the love’s interstitial nature of love, seeking half-lost (or alter ego), characteristic of immortality of love, and love and courage.

The sign as a symbol is a concept that is derived from the movement of some human organs or spatial and temporal positions and is more important and effective than verbal communication in places. In order to establish a good relationship, it is necessary to co-operate with the components in which the coordination between them can show us an interpretable connection, and the role of non-verbal communication is very important. The aim of this study is to examine the Nima's symbolic view as an innovative poet and traitor in different communication platforms and to achieve different reactions and reactions to the audience. The research, descriptive and analytical show Nima Youshij System " Srivilys Home" through non-verbal communication to reinforce the message of your verbal and has managed it to your audience spread the use of signs of nonverbal communication As with environmental conditions, the color and state of the body in this system are more impressive and the use of these signs to emphasize and highlight the expression and in order to induce the desired concepts Nima.