نشریه نقد ادب معاصر عربی
پیاپی 16 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Music in lyrics is one of the important elements that create poetic images and stimulating the imagination of audience. With rhythmic words and suitable classical prosody, a poet can depict in the audience the images that arouse the intended emotions and imagination. Given that the sense of hearing plays a primary role in the blind, the present study seeks to examine the status of music in the poetry of Abdullah Brdony, a Yemeni blind poet, and how it functions to arouse imagination and draw desired mental images. The research, which is based on a descriptive-analytical method, is an attempt to determine how successful the poet has been in creating images using musical lyrics. The results of the study show that Abdullah Brdony has been able to create exquisite images in the mind of the audience by using such prosodic factors as rhyme, rhythm, and short but exciting feet. The major feature of his internal music is the repetition of certain letters or words.

Magical realism is a modern method of story writing in which the writer mixes such elements as "mystery and magic" and “imagination and illusion” with real incidents in such a skillful way that real and surreal characters and incidents appear completely natural and plausible to readers. Hanna Mina is one of the capable contemporary Syrian novelists most of whose themes regard the differences between the poor and the rich‚ a far distance between man’s wishes and everyday life realities‚ fighting for social justice, and the French dominance. He has written a novel called "Alrajol allazi yakrah nafsahu" (A man who hates himself) using the magical realism method. The present study is a descriptive–analytical one and aims to review the magical realism parameters and the way they are used in this story. The findings of the research show that the novel is based on magic realism to reflect life problems and collapse of traditional infrastructures as well as the author’s and other people’s mutual impressions in negative and positive perspectives. Also, the novelist has been able to display his concerns to readers by combining reality and dream in an artistic way. Among the parameters used in his novel, the most noticeable ones are the coexistence between reality and magic‚ symbol and legend‚ and bureaucracy and injustice in the society.

Prison poem is a poetic text that describes the sufferings of a poet. However, for Ibrahim Moqadami, a Palestinian martyred poet, like other intellectual, this type of poetry is not only a reflection of sufferings and grief’s but also an inspired citation of the passion of resistance and the struggle of oppressed Palestinians to open the doors to hope, freedom and victory. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that aims at the fertility of the prison poems of the poet based on the elements of layer stylistics and seeks to realize how this committed poet has used the capacity of layer linguistic resources to deal with the concepts of struggle and perseverance. The study confirms the layer effectiveness of stylistic components to better understand the underlying layers of meaning in literary texts. The wide use of Bahr-e Ramal in his poems denotes the attention of the poet to gentle rhythms so as to provide the reader with an atmosphere of peace and relaxation. At the lexical level, abstract and concrete items are equally used. At the syntactic level, statements and imperatives are parallel, which serves to embody the truth and impart the feelings of a combatant. Rhetorically speaking, the sensory images in the poet’s text excellently reflect the sufferings of a Palestinian captive. Ideologically speaking, however, his poems depict the firm faith of a jailed combatant who believes in the effectiveness of resistance and the victory that follows.

Miral al-Tahawi is an Egyptian contemporary writer who believes that the style of any writer denotes his or her social development and mental state. In the novel "Bazenjan Al-Zarqa", the writer's spirit is clearly evident in the characters of the story. She attempts to express a variety of religious and social suppressions against eastern woman. The characters of her novel have been analyzed in this article through a descriptive-analytical method and based on the psychological theory of Karen Horney, a prominent German psychologist. Horney has paid special attention to the subject of culture and environment in her psychoanalytic theories. The neurotic characters of the novel "Bazenjan Al-Zarqa" are entangled in a kind of neuroticism caused by their living environment and its specific attributes, which can be criticized and analyzed by psychological theories of Horney. This research seeks to examine the characters of the novel according to the three personality types of compliant, aggressive, and detached. Also, their ways of defending in the context of society is investigated. The results of the research show that among the five main characters that play roles in the story, except the father of the hero of the story, who has a normal personality type the other characters are in the group of neurotic and non-healthy personality types. Due to environmental and cultural damages, these characters suffer from radical anxiety that has led to the formation of abusive relationships among them.

Sense of belonging of a person to an emotional and meaningful place makes that place valuable and distinctly interesting for him or her. This sense is associated with psychological, physical, and even social contexts. So far, most pieces of research on fictional locations have been on descriptive aspects, but dealing with a location in the light of sense of belonging justifies various psychological, emotional, and physical attachments of the characters and their mutual engagement with the story setting. In this regard, the text goes away from being a mere description of a place. The place in the novel “Enni ashtaqho elayk” has a very colorful meaning for Abou Sharar. The corresponding descriptions are based on the approach of environmental psychology that focuses on the place and its relationship with the individual. This fictional phenomenon can be analyzed in such a way so as to indicate the artistic features of the location in the story. This research seeks to explore the formation of a sense of belonging to place in the novel by a descriptive method. The sense is so strong that the characters of the story cannot feel alive without it. From the psychological point of view, there are three dimensions of sense of belonging found in the story including interpersonal and spatial and structural. Of these, the spatial dimension better accounts for the formation of the sense of belonging to the place.

Composing poetry originates from the refined soul of the poet and his subconscious mind. This artistic creation, since ancient times, has been of appeal and praise for mankind. A poet who finds himself at the pinnacle of art and literature becomes proud enough to kneel down to praise the glory of his art. This poetic Narcissism is remarkable in Baroudi's poetry, the pioneer of contemporary Arabic poetry. In this regard, the present study applies a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the phenomenon in his poems through identifying and explaining the artistic expressions of Narcissism there. The factors influencing Baroudi's Narcissism should be sought in his trainings, ambitions, career in military positions, and pursuit of the classical school. These features are manifested in his words and utterances with which he boasts about his modernism, reviving the poetic tradition, power of expression, gift of poetry, and supeiority of his poetry to that of others.

Razav Ashour, the writer of "Thrice of Granada", is one of the most famous authors in the Arab world. His novel includes multiple main and supplementary characters, and the writer has performed the characterization of all of them accurately. The main purpose of this paper is to study the artistic creativity of the writer in developing the unique characters in the novel "Thrice of Granada". For this purpose, the library method is used through a critical and analytic approach.The results of the study generally suggest that Razav Ashour has adopted a mainly dramatic approach so as to make the character development of his novel more artistic and aesthetic. He has also been successful in applying the element of dialog with which to establish multiple voices in his novel. Ashour has created unique characters by taking advantage of every traditional and modern narration possibilities, such as physical description of characters, typecasting, defamiliarization, irony, and character differentiation.  It is to be mentioned that the element of character, though being eventful, always moves along the streamline of the novel. So, "Thrice of Granada" can be considered as a character-oriented novel.