مجله صفه
پیاپی 85 (تابستان 1398)

The adaptation of historic built environments with new uses is a significant approach for the country’s cultural heritage, with its main objective being preserving some cultural values for future generations. Designed in full harmony with local climate, materials and cultural structures, valuable traditional houses in Iranian cities are widely abandoned. To preserve this heritage and encounter the dilapidation caused by these voids in historic fabrics, new uses have been introduced into these houses. The main question is ‘what is the most important criteria for appropriate adaptation?’. The present paper starts with investigating the literature extracting adaptability criteria, and then moves on to assess three examples representing types of usual designated new uses. Understanding the fact that countless parallels are currently under way in the country, it attempts to scrutinise challenges and opportunities of such reuses in order to achieve more appropriate ways of adaptation. The paper adopts case studies and surveys as its core approach. Using extracted criteria, questions have been asked from both experts and non-experts, which is helped by architecturally oriented case studies to identify the challenges. The results show that in all three cases the cultural identity is stabilised, the local economy is flourished and environmental gains are achieved. Nevertheless, there has been poor stakeholder participation, and a need was left unfulfilled for structural reviews and reinforcements.

The industrialised building is an organised, methodological, purposeful product implying uses of modern methods, equipment and materials. Of particular importance in the countries taking advantage of these methods are quality, time and costs, manifested in these countries’ policy makings in such ways to constantly correspond with view changes through strategies, mechanisms and socio-economic motivations. The present research is an attempt to scrutinise scientific and practical experiences in target countries in order to analyse and assess measures and mechanisms of construction industrialisation and the effectiveness of their elements, and thereby investigate symptoms of their Iranian counterparts in the past four decades. The research is based on semistructured interviews, library/document-based data collection, followed by structured qualitative content analyses. The results show that a lack of industrial views emerging from national development programmes has resulted in, inter alia, inefficiencies in programmes, dispersed decision making, lack of skills training, instability, and social trends, all having adverse effects on the establishment of industrialisation in Iranian architecture.

The metropolis is more than a collection of transport networks, buildings, parks, rivers and so on. It is an amalgam of cultural products imbued with content and implications, which is well beyond recognition by strictly positivistic views. A deep understanding of the modern metropolis and the roots of its social realities would require deciphering its hieroglyphics. What we see on the surface is the product of deeper underlying forces, and in order to understand these forces we need to explore these deeper levels. The task of any theorist intent on analysing the metropolis is to act like a detective, interrogating these traces and diving into their secrets. Beyond the positivistic methods, there are two alternative models of knowing the metropolis: reading and experiencing. This involves semiological and phenomenological methods. The metropolis as text can be read, meaning of its forms deciphered and its meaning understood: a problematic reading selfconfessing of its multiple meanings. The city should be perceived by ontological potentials of human experience. Any city should always remain recipient of various interpretations of it, with meanings remaining multiple and contentious. In order to better understand the city one should not only keep the multiplicity of the ways in which we read the metropolis, but so too the ways in which any social class experience it. We should be aware of the impossibility of an allencompassing picture of the reality of urban life, because the city fundamentally lacks such representation capacity.

The number of women in Tehran urban spaces is on the increase, and it is coupled with differing qualities of presence of women. But urban design researchers in Iran have rarely adopted a qualitative approach to the way women interact with the physical aspects of these spaces. The northern parts of the Tehran bazaar has experienced changes in the quantity and quality of women's presence. The present research aims to find out how the physical environment of the bazaar as well as its activities affects and is affected by women’s presence. In order to do so a study is conducted on reciprocal reproduction of gender and space in Sabzeh Meydan and Moshir Khalvat, using participant observation and in-depth interviews. The results show that the specifications of these spaces constrain some aspects of women’s presence and marginalizes them. Despite the increase in women’s numbers men keep their stronger role in reproducing the physical space in these two spaces. Despite both being gendered spaces not equally used by women and men, Sabzeh Meidan provides some more opportunities for optional and social activities in the public realm, giving women the chance to be present for non-essential purposes whilst participate more proactively in reproduction of the physical environment, which is due to both the physical aspects of this space and around space activities.

Influenced by cognitive approach in environmental psychology, the concept of environmental preferences proposes frameworks and general criteria to analyse the preferability of the space in people’s judgement. These criteria refer to qualities of desirable environments. However, the phenomenological approach asserts real, lived experience of an individual and his or her expectations and interpretations as the most important. The present research examines these criteria and concepts in an urban space, using environmental preferences measurement criteria on one hand, and the concept of the sense of place on the other. To do so, the assessment of Quds Street’s desirability for the University of Tehran students has been used as the basis. Field studies have been conducted in two stages and compared with each other. In the first stage Quds Street was assessed by a group of 20 trained urban design students, based on environmental preferences criteria. In the second, a series of interviews were conducted using ‘go-along with’ method, to study the sense of place in 25 students from the University of Tehran. Interviews were then analysed using qualitative content analysis. A comparison between the findings of the above two stages shows that the concept of the sense of place can help experts accurately find how preferable an urban space is.

People’s efforts to fulfil their essential needs such as security, human flourishing and self-esteem have effects on their environment Which had several consequences as well as transformations ranging from transformations in physical spaces (e.g. from traditional homes to residential complexes), to activity spaces (e.g. from workshops to industrial spaces), as well as in both physical and activity spaces (i.e. from traditional marketplaces to the virtual markets). Thus, these changes allow a continuity of living places through interactions with the built environment. The purpose of this article is to survey and analyse how the place is transformed through time and how it will be continued in interactions with people. In so doing, first, the literature of human-place interaction have been reviewed using documentary analysis method, based on interpretive-historical and comparative analysis approaches. Then, it has followed with classifying the texts into three categories, which will have been organized in parallel to the axis of time as follows: 1) Human life span, 2) The transformation of time regarding theories and the adopted theoretical framework, and 3) The documented history of civilization. The findings show that the place has always formed by human spatial experiences through time and consequently to living conditions. Therefore, various experiences have resulted in a variety of placemaking practices as well as urban settlements. Furthermore, large-scale transformations in spatial perception coincide with tipping points in human cognitive awareness including sensory, experimental, and rational cognition.

Physical development of cities in Iran often spread out in the form of horizontal and fragmented expansion which resulted in the negative impacts and instability of cities in last decade .The Urban Sprawl known as an environmental phenomenon in the country and required to reflection to understand the effective factors strategies for managing it and moving toward urban sustainability. In this research we tried to study the existing global experiences and theories by determining the indicators Urban Sprawl the Urmia city explained and extent in different parts to make a solution to present sustainable city. For recognition nature of Urban Sprawl with Check out the different views, indicator of Urban Sprawl and technique of measurement and research method extract and match with Iran and Urmia conditions and 26 indexes have been selected. By studying the physical extension of the city and proving Urban Sprawl evidence area of city from the terms of desired properties divided to 39 homogeneous area and 26 index based on these area derivation form the various sources and with method of agent analysis in format of 7 main elements with 88.34 percent of various of outspreading explained, seamlessly take down with GIS in city area which form the five levels divided form so low to so much. Studying different area of Urmia form the representative indices show that weakness of user disorder and low density, the main activity space with least weight and importance. In the area which the points of factors in this higher (10-8) Urban Sprawl is so high (new developments contain 4-5-34- 35 regions) and area which total points in these low (0-2) have a lowest Urban Sprawl (old texture contains 18-19-20 regions) by creating interactive maps of Seven factors, approach of sustainability of city with moderating the effect of factors and prioritization of areas act and presented.