نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 58، تابستان 1398)

Dillma Roussef's government crash (of the Labor Party) in 2016 for allegations of corruption and embezzlement and assuming power by the candidate of the right-wing opposition (PSDB party) has once again called the world's attention toward political developments in Brazil.
 Regardless of the long and usual political conflicts in this country, the economic rise of Brazil in recent decades has raised the country as a considerable weight in regional and global political and economic developments particularly after the establishment of Breaks in 2009.Thus studying the developments associated with rapid economic growth in this country, as the largest economy in Latin American region and one of the most capable global economies, has become more and more important.
A comparative study of economic development policies in Brazil over the past three decades indicates significant fluctuations in economic development of the country particularly between  Two economic policy e.i Market-Oriented Neo-liberalism and State-Centric Neo-Mercantilism or sometimes a mixture of both policies. Thus, the main research's topic in this paper is the comparative study of two prevailing policies in Brazil's economic development over the past three decades relying on specific indicators Such as the "Human Development Index", "Gini coefficient", "Inflation rate", "Foreign investment rate" and "Monetary index".
The main question in this survey is which economic policy ( Neoliberal or Neo- mercantilist ) has played a more crucial role in Brazil's economic development over the past three decades?
The main hypothesis presented on this question is that the neo- mercantilist economic policies crystallized in Labor Party have been more effective than neoliberal economic policies crystallized in PSDB in Brazil's economic empowerment and economic growth and development.

In our changing world, the foundation of industrial economies are shifting from resources to the intellectual capital, and therefore the importance of the knowledge in the economy is increasing. Attention to the knowledge base economy is one of the most important strategies of Iran's economy to achieve the objectives of the resistance economy. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the most important harms to knowledge base companies and determine their degree of importance and their priorities with respect to each other’s, and finally provide some supporting Priorities. Using Friedman Test, the results show making relationship between Universities and Industries and supporting by tax system, also supporting through reduction of administrative bureaucracy in Iran, supporting by strengthening the intellectual property laws at the national and international levels, supporting through the educating commercialization and marketing to knowledge-based companies managers are the most important policy priorities in supporting knowledge-based companies. Contrary to common belief issues related to financing is in the next degree of importance.

The main purpose of this research is analysis of driving factors affecting participatory level among rural women in progress goals of micro credit funds in Kordestan province. The population includes 272 rural women. Using Morgan table and random simpling method, 160 persons were selected as sample size to complete the questionnaires. Results show, only about 28% of members participate in funds’s decision making and planning.Also finding revealed that Micro Credit funds has been influenced in skills upgrading, increasing self steem deveopmnet of employment. Totally Micro Credit funds in Kordestan province has been in right direction, but the level of participation is relatively low. Path analysis method also represent the significant role of variables such as individual and group skills, self confidence, tendency to stay in the village, years of membership, cultural factor and level of husband’s literacy in the women tendency  to participation. Accordingly, it was determined that increasing participation in these financial units is not necessarily associated with economic incentives. But, social and cultural factors have an important contribution in strengthen it.

Today, communications and information play a fundamental and undeniable role in human progress and the development of societies. In this research, using the indicators of communication and information, we have focused on the level of information society society in the city of Golestan province. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic in nature and has a practical-developmental purpose. The required data are collected by library and documentation method. The techniques used in this paper are the feature coefficient, class difference difference, coefficient of variation, and the model of the wikker, and the Shannon Entropy method was used for scoring. Also, for analyzing the data, Excel software Has been used to display it as a spatial distribution of ARC GIS 9.3 software. The findings show that there is a significant difference between the city of Gorgan and the other provinces of the province in terms of having indicators of the information-communication society. Based on the results of the technique, the coefficient of feature of Gorgan city with a high attribute of 3355792 has a significant difference with other cities of the province and is tangible with the second city of the province in terms of having the indicators of the information and communication society - Gonbad Kavoos city with a coefficient of 623117 Should be. The combination of the results of the feature coefficient technique for classifying the province's cities in the class dispute resolution model is only in the Gorgan region in the first floor of the development and 13 other provinces in the province are placed in the deprived floor, namely, the fifth floor. The calculation of the coefficient of variation for analyzing the distribution of indicators also shows that the index of the number of printers with a rate of 3.24 is the distribution of inequality between the provinces of the province. The results of the viik technique show that the city of Gorgan focused on the indicators of the information-communication society and is the most deprived city in Gomishan.regional expansion, multi-criteria decision, Entropy, VIKOR, Golestan province.

Border markets can play a significant role in the export of manufactured goods in the region and, consequently, in the economic development of the region. Therefore, the creation and development of border markets; the expansion and expansion of exports, the creation of employment and income for people living in the border areas Will follow. In many advanced countries, exports have been the main focus of development. Therefore, the growth of exports leads to increased income and employment, and by providing the opportunity to take advantage of scale savings, using advanced technology, the optimal allocation of resources and increased competition in the production of products can increase the total productivity of production and employment factors and reach Increase economic growth and development, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Milak and Gamshad border markets on employment in Zabol city using the output data model during 2011-2013. The findings of the research show that the increase in the export of border markets from the three sectors of agriculture, industries and mines during the years 94 and 95 was 3.9136129, 20.43732515 and 0.826770649 respectively, which had the greatest impact on the increase of employment in agricultural sectors 22 people, industry, 20 people and training of 15 people, so that the increase in exports has the most impact on employment in the agricultural sector, which has the least effect on supply of water and electricity and gas, resulting in increased employment of the entire region.

With increasing energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions from energy use have increased significantly in Iran and the world in recent years. Increasing global demand for energy from fossil fuels plays an important role in the upward trend in CO2 emissions. With the development of environmental problems caused by human activities, it has been determined that economic activities can not continue without regard to environmental constraints. For this reason, the use of market mechanisms and economic instruments, as well as laws and regulations for the rational use of natural resources, has become the focus of many governments in the world. According to previous studies, economic instruments provide the most effective solution for controlling and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the two main forms of which include pollution taxes and exchangeable licenses. The research method used in this paper is more documentary-analytic, which according to the documents and regulations has tried to emphasize the necessity and role of economic instruments in reducing environmental pollution. In this research, the concepts and tools used to reduce environmental pollution have been discussed and the role of these economic tools in achieving sustainable development and their position in the country's planning system has been discussed.