نشریه روانشناسی پیری
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 15، زمستان 1397)

The elderly due to reduced physical and mental functions is one of the very challenging periods of life, so improving their characteristics is essential. Therefore, the present research aimed to determine the effect of health-oriented lifestyle training on psychological well-being, blood pressure and death anxiety of elderly women. This study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the research was all elderly women of Abadan city in the 2018 year that among them 40 people after considering the criteria for entering the study were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced into two experimental and control groups (each group 20 people). The experimental group trained 12 sessions of 60 health-oriented lifestyle methods. The groups were evaluated in the pre-test and post-test stages in terms of psychological well-being, blood pressure and death anxiety. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance method. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of psychological well-being, blood pressure, and death anxiety. In other words, health-oriented lifestyle training significantly led to increased psychological well-being and decreased blood pressure and death anxiety of elderly women (P<0/001). The results indicated the effect of health-oriented lifestyle training on increasing psychological well-being and decreasing blood pressure and death anxiety of elderly women. Therefore, it is suggested that clinical psychologists and therapists in providing psychological services to elderly women used from health-oriented lifestyle training methods to improve their health, especially increase psychological well-being and decrease blood pressure and death anxiety.

Growing old causes significant effects on cognitive and metacognitive processes and increases the likelihood of cognitive failure. The present study aimed to investigate various dimensions of memory in the elderly and compare it with non-elderly. It was designed as a causal-comparative study. 180 samples were chosen among Kermanshah citizens through the availability sampling method and were divided into three groups of elderly, middle-aged and young, each group consisting of 60 people. Wechsler Memory Scale was used to evaluate the dimensions of memory (personal information, navigation, subjective control, logical memory, counting memory, visual memory, associative memory). Results from variance analysis and  Scheffe's test showed a significant difference in all sub-scales of the Wechsler memory test for the elderly with young and middle-aged groups (P <0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in the subscales of logical memory, visual memory, associative memory, and total memory score between the young and middle-aged groups (P <0.001); though, no significant difference was observed in personal information, navigation, subjective control and counting memory subscales between young and middle-aged groups. The results suggested that growing old associated with a decrease in memory performance in different dimensions, and the elderly showed poorer performance in different dimensions of memory compared to young and middle-aged. This indicated a decrease in some dimensions of memory in middle age and a decrease in all dimensions in old age. Research findings could be used to provide strategies to prevent memory impairment and enhance memory in aging.

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common problems of aging, which has a wide range of common disorders of aging, such disorders can seriously affect their psychological, social and physical well-being. The purpose of this study was to predict cognitive deficits in the elderly based on psychological disorders and metacognitive intermediation. The research method was correlational and the statistical population was all elderly in Tehran, 300 of whom were selected by the Multi-stage random sampling method. Measuring instruments were a checklist of psychological symptoms, cognitive failures of Broadbent et al., and meta-cognition of Wells. Statistical analysis was used for data analysis. The results showed that variables related to psychological disorders such as compulsive obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, anxiety, and psychosis had a direct and significant effect on cognitive impairment. The variables of physical complaints, sensitivity in interpersonal relationships and aggression had a direct and significant effect on insufficiency there was no cognitive experience in the elderly. Also, the study of indirect effects showed that metacognition has a mediator role in the prediction of cognitive impairment in the elderly (p <0.01). According to the findings of this study, variables of psychological disorders and metacognition can predict cognitive impairments in the elderly. Therefore, helping methods can identify vulnerable groups of cognitive impairments and provide advice to specialists to understand the causes and causes, and counseling and prevention of cognitive failures.

Successful aging is one of the key concepts in aging. Nowadays, research has focused on the elderly, the elderly, those with less disability and illness, higher levels of physical and cognitive functioning, and active social involvement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of life skills on psychological well-being and happiness in elderly women in Abadeh city. The study has been quasi-experimental, pre-test post-test with the experimental and control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all elderly women members of Abadeh Jahandidegan Center in 1396-1397. Regarding the inclusion criteria, eligible participants were selected through available sampling that 15 people were placed in the experimental group and 15 people were in the control group. The experimental group received life skills training for 10 sessions (70 minutes each session) and the control group received no training during this period. In this study, the Ryff Scale of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB) Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Argyle, Martin & Crosland) were used. The results of the univariate analysis of covariance showed that life skills training significantly increased psychological well-being and happiness in elderly women. It should be noted, however, that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the follow-up phase (five months after training), which could confirm the re-holding of these courses at short intervals for the elderly. The findings of this study highlight the necessity of using life skills training programs to improve psychological well-being and happiness in elderly women.

Due to the growing population of elderly people, their psychological characteristics, including the motivation to participate in physical activity and depression, are essential. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of motor skills training Using Challenge Point Method on motivation on Engagement in Physical Activity and Depression in Older Men. The present study was a semi-experimental with design pre-test-post-test design with control group. 28 elderly (M = 71.09, SD = 4.72) were selected through voluntary and available methods among the elderly in Hamadan based on inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two groups of 14 experimental and control groups. The tools study was motivation on Engagement in Physical Activity and Beck Depression Inventory. Motor skills training were performed for eight weeks each week, three sessions per sessions one hour for the experimental group. Data were analyzed using covariance in spss. The results showed that all tow variables in the experimental group: motivation the (P = 0/000), depression (P = 0.03) in posttest were significantly better than the pre-test, but there was no significant improvement in the control group (05 / 0p>). Regarding the results of this study, it can be concluded that physical activity is challenged by encouraging one to progress in training and eliminating the difficulty of the exercise in proportion to the level of physical skill and mental fitness that can increase the person's motivation for physical activity. Prevent depression.

Due to the developing trend of the elderly population, improving their psychological characteristics including Participation Motivation in Physical activity and depression is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of motor skills training with a challenge point method on Participation Motivation in Physical activity and depression in elderly men at Hamadan. The present study was a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with the control group. 28 elderly (mean = 71.09, standard deviation = 4.72) among the elderly in the city of Hamedan with an available method and based on inclusion criteria were selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 14. The measurement tools were the Benam, Badami and Moshkelati's Participation Motivation in Physical activity questionnaire of the elderly, and Beck depression questionnaire. Exercise intervention for eight weeks and three sessions per week of one hour in per session for the experimental group done. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. The results showed that both variables of the experimental group including participation in physical activity and depression in post-test had significant improvement compared to the pre-test (P <0.01). According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that physical activity as a challenge by encouraging one to progress in practice and eliminating the difficulty of training appropriate to the level of physical skill and mental fitness can increase one's motivation for physical activity and thus avoid depression.

Reducing existential anxiety and improving irrational beliefs has a great effect on the mental health of elders. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of narrative therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy, in existential anxiety and irrational beliefs on elders. The method of this study was a quasi-experimental form pretest-posttest with a control group and followup. The statistical population consisted of older adults who resided in Tehran city nursing homes in 2018. 30 of elders who passed inclusion criteria were selected by available sampling method and they were randomly divided into two experimental and one control group of 10 members each. The experimental groups received 10 sessions twice a week of narrative therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy. All subjects passed the followup stage after 1.5 months from post-test. The Good's existential anxiety inventory and Jones' irrational beliefs test were used to collect data. Findings of ANCOVA revealed that both narrative therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy were significantly effective in reducing existential anxiety (p<0.01) and irrational beliefs (p<0.01), on subjects. However, acceptance & commitment therapy was more effective in reducing irrational beliefs (p>0.05), While both narrative and acceptance & commitment therapies had the same effect on existential anxiety variable (p<0.05). It seems that the similarity in the nature and performance of the implementation of narrative therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy and fitting with the conditions of the elderly people, these therapies had the same efficiency. The most appropriate reason for commitment-based and acceptance-based therapy to reduce irrational beliefs is also related to the creation of psychological flexibility on elders.

Depression is a common mental disorder among the older population of the world can have negative effects on their problem-solving ability. In addition, the inability to solve the problems may cause depression in these people. This study investigated the effectiveness of problem-solving cognitive strategies on depression in elderly women. The method of this research includes a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design, performing on an experimental as well as a control group. The statistical population of this study was obtained using an accessibility sampling method, including elderly women of age 55-65 years, who were members of cultural centers in the city of Tehran in 2018. In order to create the sample, twenty-four subjects were randomly selected and divided into the experimental and control groups. The experimental group experienced the problem solving cognitive therapy training course, whereas the control group received no intervention. A well-known inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), was used to assess the depression variable among these people. Having been accumulated, the data were analyzed using a univariate covariance method. The results of this study demonstrates a significant difference between the average depression scores of the experimental and control groups. According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that taking part in sessions of problem solving-based cognitive strategies can diminish negative thoughts, increase optimism and self-efficacy among elderly women, and consequently decreases the depression.