فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 76، زمستان 1397)

This paper aims to demonstrates the conceptual framework for underastanding and delineating the institutional behavior of planners in the urban planning discourse of Tehran metropolis. By perception of planning culture as a cultural system, decisions and judgements of planners are affected by both individual and collectively shared cognitive frames, represent ing the ‘habitus’ through which planners perceive the planning context. By considering the objective of this study, which is to develop a middle-range and substantive theory that leads to achieving a better understanding of the institutional behavior of planners in their lived experiences, the constructivist grounded theory has been chosen for this research. In this research, the focus of constructivist grounded theory is on the actions, interactions and social processes of planners. In constructivist grounded theory, my approach is based on the assumption that any theoretical interpretation is an interpretive image of the universe studied, and in this study suggests the institutional behavior of planners rather than a detailed image of it. The constructivist grounded theory practice in this research has been followed in accordance with the proposed Charmaz process. The Data for analyzing of mental elements of planners by semi-structured interviews with 28 planners are provided with experience in the planning environment of Tehran metropolis and answering questions related to their lived experience in the given environment. After performing the pre-coding steps, including data collection and Transcription, the data analysis stage and triple coding spectra: initial coding, focused coding, and finally theoretical coding has been carried out. After the initial data coding process and the production of 771 codes in combination with interview memos, a focused coding process was followed for the production of subcategories. The theoretical coding as the last coding step contributes to the saturation of the central categories identified during coding, and the central phenomenon or core categories were identified. It consists of five main categories with titles: “Expression of practical judgement in the ebb and flow behavior framework”, “evolution of planner’s attitude during the planning experience”, “living of planners values in shadow of discourses”, “planners action on the base of logic of appropriateness in planning environment” and “professional consciousness of planners in the playing field of roles”. The four main categories generated during the theoretical coding field provided the emergence of the final theoretical framework and the emergence of the middle-range theory in relation to the institutional behavior of planners based on their mental rules. This research provides a constructivist theory or a "theoretical abstract understanding" of the planner's studied experiences that this research has led to my substantive theorizing of the institutional behavior of planners in their experiences of the planning environment of Tehran metropolis. The conceptual framework includes such dimensions: practical rationality of planners in the frame of ebb and flow behavior, surviving of planners values in practical ethics, planning logic of appropriateness and the professional consciousness of planners in the playing field of roles which is presented in the form of redefinition of the acting geography in the planning culture of Tehran metropolis.

Projecting the spatial distribution of population and employment is the basis of urban planning, particularly in metropolitan areas. Errors in these projections may lead to significant economic, social, political and environmental costs for local authorities, residents and businesses as well as other stakeholders. In this paper, we first evaluate the accuracy of population projections of Tehran’s master plan (2007), Tehran’s transportation and traffic master plan (2004) and Tehran’s transcendence plan also known as Tehran’s second master plan (1992) against the results of 1996, 2006 and 2016 national population and housing censuses. Measures used include coefficient of determination (R squared) for evaluating goodness of fit, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for measuring average relative errors, number of outliers (extreme errors) and bias (prevalence of over- or underestimates). Then, potential factors leading to projection errors as well as variables potentially affecting spatial distribution of population in urban regions which have been neglected in previous projection models are investigated. For this purpose, a number of inferential statistical analysis tools including means comparison, linear regression coefficient and goodness-of-fit hypothesis tests have been applied. The results of the aforementioned analyses are as follows: 1) performance of all projections as measured by relative error, number of extreme errors (outliers) and bias in projections are not satisfactory, 2) amongst potential factors affecting the accuracy of these projections, length of projection period and mutual effects of sectional projections on the performance of each other are found to be significant, while other factors including the effects of inaccurate inputs and magnitude and direction of changes in population are insignificant, 3) amongst the potential factors affecting increases / decreases in population, area of the region’s urban decay is found to have significant negative effects on the tendency of people moving to the region (i.e. leading to lower population growth rates and in some cases decreases in the region’s population). Additionally, distance from the Central Business District (CBD) is found to have significant positive effects on population growth. Other potential factors including area of the region, population density, transit accessibility, perceived conditions of environment, urban services and entertainment facilities, average property prices and changes in property prices are not significant. Accordingly, it seems that most factors regarded to affect spatial distribution of population are not addressed in previous projections and simple Land Use Transportation Interaction (LUTI) models are not capable of accurately projecting the spatial distribution of the population. In order to improve the performance of the population projections, implementing register-based up-to-date urban databases including economic, social and demographic data of the residents and businesses as well as shortening the projection and consequently planning horizons are suggested. Furthermore, it is recommended that population’s tendency to avoid settling in urban decay areas as well as area adjacent to activity centers be regarded in future population projections as well as urban planning practices. Finally, it is highly recommended that instead of sectional projections, local authorities collaborate in projecting future population and employment and unanimously adopt the results.

During last century domination of positivist paradigm resulted in limiting to scientific and quantitative methods in architecture and urban planning which led to loss of meaning and identity in cities and urban environments. In order to solve these problems qualitative study of cities in a way that takes in to account culture, society and physic of the city as a whole and within cultural texts has grown significantly. Cultural studies is one of the most recent interdisciplinary approaches that emphasis on the study of all the elements that is called culture altogether in interaction with each other, and accordingly urban cultural studies is focused on different kinds of cultural texts, their importance in urban studies and also accurate reading and making use of them. On the other hand, by inventing the New Mythology and mythological criticism approach the possibility of methodological study of myths as one of the sources of cultural studies have been provided. Therefore, in this paper, the main question is that, what are the main characteristics of Takht-e-Jamshid by referring to the mythical cities especially Kangdej, and what are the relations between them. Therefore, at first, the method of allegorical mythology one of the methods of mythological criticism is explained, and then this method is used to understand the true meaning of Takht-e-Jamshid complex. Allegorical mythology is one of the first methods of mythological criticism approach and it is invented by Georg Friedrich Creuzer. Creuzer as an idealist established his method on Plato's allegory theory and the relation between Idos and Icon. According to Creuzer, ancient peoples used myths to explain the rational things that could not be expressed through resemblance or direct analogy (symbolism), and thus with the help of implicit implication of myths they created a way to understand and explain the rational things. Study of Takht-e-Jamshid complex with the help of allegorical mythology of Creuzer showed a relationship between this complex and mythical cities like Kangdej and Varejamkard and that the relation between ideal cities and places such as Kangdej, Mehr Palace, and Varejamkard is direct and based on similarity. However, the relationship between ideal cities with some real ones such as the central part of Takht-e-Jamshid is not of the same kind, but of indirect connotations and implicit implications, therefore the relationship is a mythical one; it seems as if making a utopia like Kangdej is the allegorical and archetypical cause of Takht-e-Jamshid. These implicit implications to ideal cities and places such as Kangdej, Mehr Palace, and Varejamkard are apprehended through different elements and details, composition of the spaces of Takht-e-Jamshid, and also the characteristics of the complex as a whole, and among the physical examples of these implicit implications in this complex we can mention numerous columns in all of the parts of it, leaning on the Mehr Mountain, arrangement of palaces and the colors used in them, special decorative motifs for each of the parts of it in relation to its use, and etc. which all have counterparts in mythical cities.

The present research intends to narrate changes which contemporary home have undergone. The meaning of home has been studied from many different perspectives such as psychology, phenomenology, sociology and environment behavior studies. Several authors have argued that a more integrative and interdisciplinary approach is needed in which physical, socio-cultural, psychological and economic dimensions are interrelated. However, in most research only physical transformation has been reviewed and its impression on meaning of home has been neglected, because it is absolutely complicated. In addition, there are even more complexities in Iran. The presentation of a certain quality of life in Iranian traditional houses and the quick evolution of residential patterns in contemporary Iranian architecture make the decline of quality more obvious in current home, and leave the inhabitants with nostalgia for old homes. The distance between the Iranian traditional home, which used to be the up-bringing locus of humans who were looking after humanity in this mortal world, and its contemporary being is increasing. The traditional homes had been reached to their dynamism and durability but the contemporary homes found new rules for shaping. So many different questions have aroused accordingly. One of them is “how changes in house form in contemporary era has affected on meaning of home for residents?” Therefore, in addition to study the meaning of home and its difference with house, it is necessary to select two factors -of changing in house forms and changing in residents’ intellectual about home- from different factors that effect on meaning of home. In this regards, this research has been two separate parts. In the first stage, the physical evolution of houses is briefly reviewed, three different types of contemporary houses are chosen, and physical differences between them as well as influences imposed on the concept of home are analyzed. The purpose of the second stage is to understand the meaning of home for different people. The research achieves this end by finding people in the same family but from three successive generations (with the same culture) which has been lived in three types of houses in previous part and doing deep semi-structured interview with these groups. So this research has a qualitative approach. Nevertheless, it occasionally takes advantage of different approaches and tools such as documentary studies and semi-structured deep interviews. As the consequence have revealed, a home includes many different meanings besides simply being a house. In a way, it is an abstract synthesis of time and space. It also has different aspects -namely physical, functional, social, mental-cognitive, sensory and spiritual aspects- which acquire meaning only when the element of time is added. And also the results indicates that meaning of home for all of interviewees tend to be a cognitive phenomenon more than a physical or material issues, However parts of its meaning tend to be changed to material phenomenon. In addition in the mind of residents quality of space in home has been reduced and meaning of home has been depending of quantitative factors more than qualitative factors.

Lives of people in rural areas are highly depended on the dynamic economy and continuous production processes; therefore, the sustainable livelihood and secure economic play an essential role in rural areas.  Human habitation had developed from the nomadic way and expanded due to the presence of agriculture, animal husbandry, and related activities. Not only do economy and manufacturing system represent the function of these areas but also, they can be deemed as an underlying reason in the texture, forms, and landscape of the residential dwellings. In fact, the agricultural revolution and breeding livestock have made a significant impact on the lifestyle. Therefore, fundamental changes have been made in human activities and behaviors. Human communities were formed since agriculture requires permanent presence of a human in the place and animal husbandry needs to look for postures for feeding the livestock. In fact, due to these improvements in human’s lifestyle, they could not meet their needs through the sheer search for residential areas. Therefore, interfering in the environment to adapt it to new demands found other dimensions. Following this, thereby implementing the novel techniques, the standards of lifestyle were improved and the idea of providing a stable place has begun as if it led to improving the quality of habitation and livelihood. Thus, the beginning of the formation of “housing” coexisted with a period in which the human being was seeking to follow a production system. The difference in the forms of the houses has its root in the distinctions of the way of life and the production system. Rural residential areas represent the daily life of people with a variety of activities. With this in mind, besides a concise review of the root reasons of the creation of Kandovan village in the Osku County, this paper describes the relationships between the economic structures, manufacturing system, and production of livelihood spaces in the village. This village, one of the most famous communities in Iran, It is located in Azerbaijan region, and historically, it’s about 700 years old. Kandovan lies on the northern slopes of Mount Sahand and is famous for its rock-cut architecture which was created by the volcanic interactions of this mountain. Secondary resources and direct observations through field research were the two critical methodological steps for this paper based on phenomenology and qualitative approaches. The results represent that livelihood has important role in composition and formation of space of Karaan houses. Living spaces are shaped in responding to functions .These homes likewise the other houses have different parts such as living room, kitchen, storage and warehouse and utility system. All production - livelihoods activities related to livestock, agriculture, and other service activities, even other social and cultural activities, all have done at Karaans’ space. Nowadays, beacause of the Extensive changes in lifestyles and human activities, the environmental and human capacities, must be rehabilitated and utilized. For this purpose, the physical and functional characteristics of these Karans livelihood activities must be considered.

Nowadays, cities are faced with complicated problems and challenges with which current urban design processes are not capable to cope. Hence, many urban designers are looking for the processes that through which the products cope with the time requirements, circumstances of the context on one hand and the knowledge base of urban design on the other hand. However, the failure to develop such knowledge has caused the urban design process to be carried out on the practical experiences of designers and a framework outside of the concepts of theoretical knowledge. Therefore, its legitimacy is characterized without the theory-based structure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analysis the substantial and procedural evolutions of urban design process. Due to the lack of the theoretical consideration of the procedural issues in the framework of urban design knowledge, procedural theories of urban planning knowledge is studied and the basic concepts affecting the urban design process have been elicited, elaborated and described. Such a framework, in addition to explaining all the effective concepts that guide the process, describes how these concepts are applied on stages of the urban design process, and in this way the obscure and sometimes abstract concepts are applied in a practical way, since the compiled categories clearly illustrate how each of the concepts is applied based on the steps of urban design process. Power, public interest, public participation, problem orientation, context orientation, flexibility, and multi-level intervention are some concepts that appropriate the main implications of the evaluation framework referring to the strategic approach, the communication approach, and that of rational problem solving. In addition to providing some indicators for defining the concepts and determining how to apply them in the urban design process, the considered framework makes it possible to analyze and evaluate the process of urban design projects, regardless of time and location. Consequently, in the next step and in order to assess the application of the evaluation framework in Iranian urban design projects, 10 Iran’s urban design projects approved within 2007- 2017 were investigated using directed qualitative content analysis method and appropriate statistical methods.  The assessment outcomes demonstrate that the concepts of public interest, power, and public participation, respectively, have had the lowest and those of multi-level intervention, context orientation, problem orientation, and flexibility have had the highest rate of application in the selected projects. This represents the prevailing strategic approach, at the both theoretical and practical levels, in Iran’s urban design discourse. Despite introducing the concept of participation in the urban design discourse of Iran, the communication approach has faced major challenges to be applied in Iranian design projects because of neglecting the concept of power and its undeniable role in guiding the urban design process, lack of empowerment and acquaintance of the society with their demands and expectations from the plan, and how to pursue and follow it up in the form of a process of social learning. This vividly reveals the significance of the further researches on the challenges ahead applying the concepts of communication approach in Iranian urban design projects.

In architectural training, focusing solely on the design of architectural elements, regardless of the overall position of their deployment, is imperfect, and on the other hand, facing students with the design of components while considering the whole, is complex and has many interfering factors. The present research, with the question of how to interpose between these two demands, chooses a small, enabling environment for the first year students as the target group, in which students will design a number of architectural elements. This opinion was shared with the students as part of the "whole-driven component" through a rehearsal exercise - the design of the window of the facade of the faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University- which will be presented as field studies in the form of an action research method in the present paper. Moreover, this study expresses the differentiating and shared stances of this approach with reference to experts’ opinions and studying the outlooks of the curriculum of the world's leading universities in the undergraduate level focusing on the first year. Findings of the research shows that the "whole-driven component" view starts from component design to whole scope and returns to small scope. Therefore, it has a way such as cycle, which is named component-whole-component cycle. The cycle is open-ended and risible. The benefit of the experience of this viewpoint is that it gradually turns students into holistic thinkers. It also causes novices to realize the values ​​of the context in order to comprehend the general placement of the elements and ultimately decide on them. They find that it is not necessary to make the most of the interventions in the context to make the architect’s work seen, but the virtue of his design is to speak succinctly and to the point on the basis of the diagnosis of needs, and to reflect on the role of components with regards to the whole. The degree of success in this view varies in different contexts and for different students, and it is necessary to apply the practice of different training styles tailored to the needs of different students through the use of the skills and experience of the instructors. In design with a full-blown, holistic perspective, the student faces a real context and architectural design is not shared with the student in a merely theoretical manner. Creativity in design is crucial in this regard wherein it is required in the form of simple but stimulating and sensible answers. Finally, it should be stated that the present paper agrees with the viewpoints of discourse change in relation to speaking of the whole for architectural novices, because if confined to present architectural elements that are limited in shape to the students of architecture, there would be little improvement in students' perception of the whole in design And the architectural design would always stay within the bounds of designing mere architectural components such as walls, floors and ceilings.

In recent decades, the question how we could reduce the frequency of auto mode and increase frequency of the other modes- walk and transit- is a challenged for urban planners. Many planning researchers and practitioners believe that individuals rely on automobiles partly to travel from place to place because land uses are separated and spread out. By contrast, when certain design features such as higher development densities and continuous sidewalks are combined with the mixed land uses, many expect residents of these communities to drive less and walk and bike more, on average. Tehran has been blamed for high levels of automobile travel and Traffic congestion, high travel time. So the primary purpose of this study was to investigate how relative associations between travel behavior and land use patterns where people live and non-work destination impact modal choice and frequency of travel modes in three different development patterns in Tehran. In fact this study wants to answer two questions: 1) whether patterns of travel behavior to non work destinations at neighborhood level are different? And a key question which is largely unanswered: 2) whether patterns of land development of neighborhoods affect travel behavior of residents? And particularly, whether pattern of neighborhood land development influences travel behavior or whether travel attitudes and preferences and socio-demographic characteristics influence travel behavior? In other words, whether differences in the built environment are associated with differences in travel behavior, after accounting for socio-demographic characteristics and for attitudes and preferences? More specifically, environments where residents are closer to destinations and have viable alternatives to driving are in fact associated with less driving. Here factor analysis, linear regression analysis are used to investigate the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and travel behavior while taking into account the role of travel preferences and neighborhood preferences in explaining this relationship. This study explored the relationship between the residential environment and non work travel frequencies by auto, transit, and walk/bicycle modes. In fact, a multivariate analysis of cross sectional data in three different land development patterns of neighborhoods of Tehran-Monirye, Koye-Bime and Koye-Golestan shows that there are differences in travel behavior between neighborhoods. Koye-Golestan (as a car-oriented neighborhood) largely is influenced by attitudes in contrast to Koye-Bime (as a conventional neighborhood), and Monirye (as a traditional neighborhood) land use characteristics are mostly affect on travel behavior. In general, however the number of autos that residents have as a socio-demographic characteristics and auto pro-travel attitude as a travel behavior attitude index largely influence on travel behavior, distance to transit, land use diversity as well as destination accessibility as land use index significantly influenced frequency by travel modes to non work destinations in neighborhoods. Taken together, our results suggest that if cities use land use policies to offer options to drive less and use transit and non-motorized modes more, many residents will tend to do so.