فصلنامه پژوهش های اطلاعاتی و جنایی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1398)

Drug trafficking is a threat to human life, in addition to economic losses. The purpose of this study is to identify important factors in combating the phenomenon of drug trafficking and to provide practical solutions. This research with the nature of the descriptive analytical and the technique of survey has been done .A number of law enforcement and prosecutors examined the questionnaire as well as some modifications. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by obtaining 0.75 for Cronbach's alpha. 170 drug buyers at Nasser Khosrow Avenue in Tehran, the statistical population of the study, answered the questions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the data. Normal distribution of data was done by Kolmogorov-Smirnov’s test and non-parametric binomial tests and Friedman’s rankings were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-22 statistical software Significance was 0.05. The results of the Friedman’s test indicated that the importance of culture, quality, prevention, awareness, need and education was different in combating drug trafficking. “Informing and Awareness” is the most important and “prevention” is the least important. The results of binomial test also showed that the effect of these components is optimal. Cultivation is the foundation of the control and development of every society that is made possible by awareness and informing. Therefore, with awareness, informing, culture and appropriate policies, it will be possible to tackle the phenomenon of drug trafficking.

Nowadays, attention to the safety of the city and its citizens is one of the top priorities of city managers and planners. Planning and designing urban environments and evaluating the role of the city body in reducing urban crime has been the subject of this study. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of proportionality of urban mass and spaces on the quantity of crime occurrence in Behbahan city. Research This research in terms of goal is applied research and in terms of methodology, it is descriptive-analytical based on literature review and field surveys. The statistical population is the collection of crimes of robbery, murder, purse, prostitution and rape, which is occurred in 2015. The required data were obtained by referring to the Behbahan city police stations and aerial photographs taken by the UAV. In order to produce a map of the mass and space of Behbahan from captured images, UAV images were standardized by Agisoft photoScan software and then converted to map by ArcGIS software. Kernel Functions and geostatistical tools from Spatial Analyst Tools were used to perform data analysis of crime rate and spatial analysis. The results showed that the total area of 23,488,034 square meters of the city, the urban mass and space occupy 7.542.299 and 15.973.475 square meters respectively. Therefore, the proportion of the mass to the space in the city is not complied, and the volume of the city's mass and texture is greater than empty spaces, and its focus is on the central part of the city; In a way that the areas around the city and the outskirts of the city constitute vacant spaces. This reflects the heterogeneity of the physical texture of the environment. The proportion of mass and space in the city of Behbahan has not been respected, such that as it progresses to the city outskirts and the empty spaces around the city, the incidence of urban crime is reduced and the highest rate of urban crime occurs in the urban masses and denser textures of the central part of the city. This indicates the influence of environmental texture on the quantity of crime occurring in the city.

Vehicle theft is one of the most common crimes that affect public safety and mental well-being of citizens. On the other hand, the criminal investigation police outlined in the future perspective document, as smart and value police, are expected to detect and extradite stolen vehicles in the least amount of time. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) in detecting vehicle theft. Research This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is a descriptive-analytic. The statistical population consisted of 130 criminal investigation police personnel and data collection tool is the researcher-made questionnaire based on a 34-item Likert scale. Validity and reliability were obtained by content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 software using descriptive statistics (central distribution indices) and inferential (Pearson correlation test). The results showed that there is relationship between the use of RFID system and the detection of car theft with a correlation of 0.871, the detection of motorcycle theft with a correlation of 0.805 and the detection of the theft of automobile and motorcycle parts with the correlation of 0.801. According to the features of RFID and its wide application in various fields, utilizing it has a significant impact on the ability of the police to take advantage of new technologies in detection of crimes related to vehicles (cars, motorcycles and their components).

Studying the impact of violent crime on the economies of countries is one of the new issues, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of crime on human capital accumulation in Iranian economy. Research This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is an analytic research. In this research, the factors affecting the accumulation of human capital in Iran within the framework of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) over the period 1370-1384 has been investigated. In order to estimate the above relationship, the average of the four variables of homicide, robbery, drug trafficking and suicide is defined as an indicator for crime and the variables of population growth rate, Gross Domestic Product, domestic investment and government expenditure are used as control variables. The library method was used to collect information on the theoretical foundations and in the experimental section, the databases were used. The results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between human capital and crime, so that for one percent increase in crime, human capital decreased by 0.92 percent. Considering the results of this study, policymakers should not only rely on conventional sources of growth (human resource and physical fund) for achieving higher economic growth, but also consider importance of human capital institutions and try to improve them.

One of the crimes that is always contested by jurists, over whether or not they are politicized is the "Rebellion" crime. With the passage of the Political Crime Act of 2016, the political crime and the range of offenses attributed to it were identified. This research tries to investigate political crimes in Islamic jurisprudence and criminal law to determine whether or not rebellion crime is a political crime.
Research The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and based on written documents and sources by literature study (reviewing various articles, existing documents and laws, jurisprudence and legal books), explaining, "Political crimes" with emphasis on the rebellion crime from the jurisprudential-legal point of view.
Legal investigations have shown that the crime of "rebellion" is not considered to be a political crime under the provisions of the law on political crime adopted by the legislator in 1395, and the legislature has considered it a partial crime under articles 287 and 288 of the Islamic Penal Code and according to paragraph 1 of article 3 of the political crime law, the offenses punishable by boundaries, retribution and wergild are not considered to be political offenses, but some jurisprudential perspectives emphasize the political nature of the "rebellion" crime.
According to existing laws, "rebellion" crime is not considered a political crime, although in jurisprudence, it is sometimes considered a political crime. Consequently, it is recommended that the legislator fully defines "rebellion" crime when it enacts the penal code and considers it a political crime.

Perpetrators of drugs use methods that make it difficult to arrest them. This issue has made it difficult for the police and the judiciary to find out the cause of the crime. For this reason, in some cases the police inevitably use covert operations to detect and prove a crime. On the other hand, the legality of reasoning is legally necessary. In this regard, this research intends to examine the legal status and dimensions of the operations covered by drug offenses. Research This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is an analytic research. The data were collected and analyzed in a documentary manner, a library of legal sources, journals, dissertations. In this research, the existing documentation on the legal aspects of resorting to covert operations in drug discovery in the Islamic Republic of Iran is discussed. The findings of the investigation indicate that the legislator is substantially silent about the possibility of resorting to covert operations, but given the rules such as the substantive rule in paragraph b of Article 158 of the Islamic Penal Code, it is permissible to apply it to drug offenses. According to legal rules, when two rights are in conflict and the preservation of one requires the deterioration of the other, legally less valuable right is not taken into account. Furthermore, important in this debate is the protection of community safety, but this is not a denial of police responsibility for violating legal regulations. Therefore, resorting to covert operations is legally necessary and defensible under the jurisdiction of the competent judicial officer.

Nowadays, information technology in the hands of criminals and computers facilitated crime in the virtual world and even in the real world. The purpose of this study was to compare the role and powers of the police in collecting electronic evidence in the legal system of Iran and France and the Convention on Cybercrime. Research The purpose of this research is applied and based on a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources using existing resources to investigate, describe and analyze various aspects and angles of the research subject. Also, the analysis of the collected information was qualitative and based on the researcher's inference from sources and texts. The findings of the study indicate that under the laws of Iran, France and the Convention on Cybercrime, the process of investigating, discovering, and collecting evidence in cyberspace is entrusted to the police. There are many differences and similarities between the conventions and regulations of the two countries Iran and France and in Iran, the police play a central role in the search and seizure of evidence. The results show that the police face serious challenges in gathering evidence in cyberspace for the sake of anonymity as well as the speed at which the crime scene disappears, and obtaining such evidence require sufficient expertise in information technology and compliance with technical rules and principles. In the legal system of Iran and France, police are the first to deal with electronic forensics and play a key role in collecting, documenting and even evaluating evidence.

According to Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) approach, criminal environment is an effective component in the management of crime as a policing problem. Accordingly, the crime of Takfiri Terrorism could be investigated in terms of its Criminal environment. This study, therefore, aims to explore the crime of Takfiri Terrorism from the perspectives of criminal environment focusing on the factors affecting the residents in the criminal environment (i.e. Kermanshah Province). This survey was a descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire distributed among 120 experts of terrorism prevention working in related institutes. Data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The results showed that the variables of culture and religion, ethnicity and personality as significant variables, and economic and community as interference variables in the criminal environment had a meaningful directional relationship with some citizens' tendency to Takfiri groups in the Kermanshah Province. Cultural and religious, ethnic, social, and personal characteristics of the criminal environment have a positive effect on the tendency and attraction of some residents to the Takfiri Terrorism as a crime.